为什么抗癌药物对每个人的效果不同?

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为什么抗癌药物对每个人的效果不同?

内容来源:https://news.microsoft.com/signal/articles/why-dont-cancer-medicines-work-the-same-for-everyone-ex-vivo/

内容总结:

《自然·方法》发表微软与博德研究所合作成果:AI分析肿瘤细胞状态,破解癌症疗效差异之谜

在癌症治疗日益精准化的今天,一个核心问题始终困扰着医学界:为何两位看似癌症类型相同的患者,对同一种药物的反应可能截然不同?微软研究院科学家洛林·克劳福德认为,答案或许藏匿于肿瘤的实际行为方式中,而不仅仅取决于其分类标签。

当地时间3月X日,克劳福德团队在权威期刊《自然·方法》上发表了一项重要研究,标志着人工智能在理解单个细胞行为及其与环境互动方面迈出了关键一步。该研究是微软与博德研究所(Broad Institute)合作开展的“离体项目”(Project Ex Vivo)的一部分,并得到丹娜-法伯癌症研究所的支持。项目核心目标是将细胞行为纳入癌症分类与治疗体系,通过更精准的“疗法-患者”匹配,抗击这一全球主要致死疾病。

突破突变限制:聚焦“细胞状态”

传统癌症研究的一大挑战在于,体外药物测试常会丢失关键信号。实验室培养的癌细胞模型(包括称为“类器官”的微型肿瘤)并不总能完全还原人体内的真实情况,导致培养皿中表现良好的药物在患者身上效果不佳。

克劳福德团队将研究焦点锁定在“细胞状态”——即癌细胞如何表现及如何应对周围环境。细胞状态直接影响肿瘤对治疗的敏感性、耐药性产生的速度以及疾病的侵袭程度。以胰腺癌为例,研究人员已观察到两种与不同预后和治疗反应相关的细胞状态。但当肿瘤细胞在实验室中培养时,模型往往只反映其中一种状态,这正是实验室结果与患者实际情况严重脱节的原因。

克劳福德形象地解释道:“你和我可能拥有相同的基因突变,但细胞状态可能完全不同。而下游真正起决定作用的,正是细胞状态。”

减少“错配”:两大路径重塑治疗格局

若能可靠测量细胞状态,克劳福德认为将从根本上改变癌症治疗。首先,它能优化患者与现有疗法的匹配,并改进临床试验入组标准,通过对肿瘤进行更精细的分组,确保药物在最可能起效的患者群体中进行测试。其次,它能为药物开发开辟新路径——研究人员未来不仅可以靶向突变,还可以靶向甚至主动改变肿瘤的底层状态,将其转变为更容易治疗的形态。

项目联合主任、丹娜-法伯癌症研究所肿瘤学家斯里瓦特桑·拉加万博士表示,临床医生的最大挑战在于理解患者肿瘤中的哪些特征会塑造其行为和对治疗的反应。这项研究旨在更准确地呈现肿瘤模型中的多样化特征,并提供真实反映患者体内肿瘤行为复杂性的证据。

数学家走进“湿实验室”:跨界合作加速突破

克劳福德的学术背景颇为独特。作为一名数学家和统计学家,他在杜克大学攻读研究生期间,听从导师建议走进癌症生物学湿实验室,亲身体验活体细胞实验。这段经历被他视为职业生涯中“最明智的决定”,让他深刻理解了生物学家在处理患者间及亚型间海量数据时所面临的挑战。

如今,在他的推动下,“离体项目”团队正通过计算专家与实验科学家并肩工作的模式,利用AI工具和匿名患者肿瘤样本,共同缩小实验室成果与临床疗效之间的鸿沟。该团队使用计算模型进行虚拟实验,在投入时间和资金进行实体实验前,先锁定最有潜力的研究假设。AI工具还能帮助预测药物如何将一种细胞状态转变为另一种,或不同癌症类型间细胞状态的转换关系。

AI新认知:数据多样性比数据规模更重要

研究显示,AI模型从观察广泛的细胞行为中学到的东西,远多于简单喂食更多数据——这一发现挑战了该领域的一个普遍假设。项目联合主任、博德研究所首席研究员彼得·温特指出,一味扩大数据集并不能解决所有问题,数据集中细胞状态的多样性才是决定模型产出洞察质量的关键。

目前,研究团队的下一步是清晰定义细胞状态,并在不同癌症类型中进行验证,最终为临床医生的治疗决策提供更可靠的依据。克劳福德对前景充满信心:“五年后,这一领域的面貌将大不相同。这并非遥不可及的现实。”

中文翻译:

预计阅读时间:6分钟。
为什么同一种抗癌药物对不同患者的效果不一样?
作者
随着医学的发展,癌症治疗变得越来越精准。过去,医生首先根据癌症在体内的起源部位对其进行分类;而如今,他们更多地根据癌细胞内发现的基因突变来寻找合适的治疗药物。
但为什么两位看似罹患相似癌症的患者,对同一种药物的反应却可能截然不同?微软研究员洛林·克劳福德认为,答案在于肿瘤的实际行为方式,而不仅仅在于它们如何被分类。
克劳福德及其团队今天在《自然·方法》上发表的一项研究,标志着在帮助人工智能理解单个细胞如何行动以及如何与环境互动方面迈出了重要一步。研究人员正利用这项技术的力量,来发现传统方法可能遗漏的模式。
这项研究是“体外项目”的一部分,该项目是微软与博德研究所的合作项目,并得到了丹娜-法伯癌症研究所的支持。该团队的工作旨在将细胞行为纳入癌症分类和治疗的一部分,通过更成功地将疗法与患者匹配,帮助对抗这一全球主要死因之一。
“从科学角度看,这种疾病的复杂性非常有趣,但同时也是一个你可以立即产生影响的领域,”克劳福德说,“感觉我正在做一件超越自身的事情。任何单一发现在某种程度上都像是向前迈进了一步。”
超越基因突变
癌症研究面临的挑战之一在于,科学家在体外测试药物时可能会丢失关键信号。体外模型——在实验室中培育的癌细胞,包括被称为类器官的微型肿瘤——并不总能与患者体内实际发生的情况相匹配。这意味着,在培养皿中看起来很有希望的药物,在患者身上可能会效果不佳。
“体外项目”团队专注于“细胞状态”——即癌细胞如何表现以及如何对周围环境做出反应。细胞状态可以影响肿瘤对哪些治疗敏感、耐药性产生的速度有多快,以及疾病的侵袭性有多强。
例如,在胰腺癌中,研究人员观察到两种与不同预后和治疗反应相关的广泛细胞状态。但克劳福德表示,当肿瘤细胞在实验室中生长时,这些模型通常只反映其中一种状态,这可能导致实验室结果与患者实际情况存在较大出入。
“你和我可能有相同的基因突变,但细胞状态却完全不同,而这才是后续真正关键的因素,”克劳福德说。
减少错配,提高准确率
如果能够可靠地测量细胞状态,克劳福德相信这可能在两个关键方面改变癌症治疗。
首先,它可以改善患者与现有疗法的匹配以及临床试验的入组情况。一种更细微的肿瘤分组方法,可以提高药物在真正可能起效的群体中进行测试的几率。
其次,它可能为药物开发本身开辟一条新路径。研究人员的目标不再是针对某个基因突变,而是瞄准——甚至改变——肿瘤的潜在状态,将其推入一种更容易治疗的形式。
“作为临床医生,挑战在于理解患者肿瘤中的哪些特征可能影响其行为以及对治疗的反应,”丹娜-法伯癌症研究所的肿瘤内科医生、医师科学家、同时也是“体外项目”的联合主任斯里瓦特桑·拉加万说。“这项研究旨在更好地在癌症模型中呈现这些多样化的特征,并产生能反映我们在患者身上观察到的肿瘤行为复杂性的证据。”
一位身处湿实验室的统计学家
克劳福德走上这条研究道路的经历颇为不同寻常。
作为一名数学和统计学专业出身的研究者,他的导师曾敦促他跳出电子表格,去了解数据是如何生成的。在杜克大学的绝大部分研究生学习期间,他身兼两个领域,扎根于一个癌症生物学“湿实验室”,那里的研究人员直接接触活细胞,而不仅仅是数据。
尽管最初感觉“像在外国一样”,克劳福德说,“从职业角度来看,这可能是我做过的最好的决定。”
他意识到自己的背景可以帮助生物学家管理海量数据,这些数据对于理解不同患者和癌症亚型之间的差异至关重要。
“我开始融会贯通了,”他说。
这段经历塑造了他如今对“体外项目”的思考方式——将其视为缩小实验室有效方法与实际帮助患者之间差距的一条途径。计算专家和实验人员坐在一起,使用人工智能工具和匿名患者的肿瘤样本,共同解决问题。
从实验室问题到重塑癌症治疗
在人工智能进步的推动下,这项始于2022年的聚焦性研究工作迅速扩大。“体外项目”团队使用计算模型进行虚拟实验,并在投入时间和金钱进行实验室研究之前,确定最有希望的假设。人工智能工具可以帮助预测一种药物如何将一种细胞状态转变为另一种,或者这些状态如何在不同癌症类型之间转化。
正如克劳福德和他的同事在《自然·方法》的研究中所展示的,人工智能模型从观察广泛的细胞行为中学到的东西,比单纯接收更多数据要多——这一发现挑战了该领域的一个普遍假设。
“人们很容易认为,仅仅扩大数据集规模就能解决这些问题,”彼得·温特说,他是“体外项目”的联合主任,也是博德研究所的首席研究员。博德研究所是一个与麻省理工学院和哈佛大学关系密切的独立非营利研究机构。“但这些数据集中细胞状态的多样性,从根本上决定了这些模型能够产生什么样洞察。”
下一步是明确界定细胞状态,并在不同癌症类型中进行验证,目的是为医生提供更好的信息,以帮助指导治疗决策。
“可以想象,五年后这个领域的面貌将与现在大不相同,我认为这非常、非常令人鼓舞,”克劳福德说。“这一现实离我们并不遥远。”
主图:摄影:格雷戈里·温特
苏珊娜·雷撰写关于人工智能和技术的文章,通过故事展现其现实世界影响,并审视创新如何重塑工作、商业和社会。她此前曾为彭博新闻社及其他美国及国际主要新闻机构撰稿,报道领域涵盖政治、政府、商业和航空等。关注她在Microsoft Source上的作品。

英文来源:

– The estimated reading time is 6 min.
Why don’t cancer medicines work the same for everyone?
Author
Cancer treatment has gotten more precise over time, as doctors first classified the disease by where it began in the body and, more recently, by the mutations found inside cancer cells to help find the right drugs to treat it.
But why can two people with seemingly similar cancers respond so differently to the same medication? Microsoft researcher Lorin Crawford thinks the answer lies in how tumors actually behave, not just how they’re categorized.
A study by Crawford and his team, published today in Nature Methods, marks an important step in helping AI understand how individual cells act and interact with their environment as researchers harness the technology’s power to spot patterns traditional approaches may miss.
The research is part of Project Ex Vivo, a collaboration between Microsoft and the Broad Institute with support from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. The group’s work aims to make cell behavior part of how cancer is categorized and treated, helping combat one of the leading causes of death worldwide by more successfully matching therapies to patients.
“The complexity of the disease is scientifically a very interesting one, but also one where you can have almost immediate impact,” Crawford says. “It feels like I’m doing something that’s larger than me. Any single finding seems like a step forward in some way.”
Looking beyond mutations
Part of the challenge with cancer research is that scientists can lose key signals when they test drugs outside the body. Ex vivo models — cancer cells grown in labs, including mini-tumors called organoids — don’t always match what’s happening inside a person. That means a medication that looks promising in a petri dish can fall short in a patient.
The Project Ex Vivo team focuses on “cell state” — how cancer cells behave and respond to their surroundings. Cell states can influence which treatments a tumor is sensitive to, how quickly resistance to drugs develops and how aggressive the disease becomes.
In pancreatic cancer, for example, researchers have observed two broad cell states associated with different outcomes and treatment responses. But when tumor cells are grown in the lab, Crawford says, the models often reflect only one of those states, which can make lab results line up poorly with what happens in patients.
“You and I can have the same mutation, but totally different cell states, and that’s what really matters downstream,” Crawford says.
Fewer mismatches, better bets
If cell state can be measured reliably, Crawford believes it could change cancer treatment in two key ways.
First, it could improve how patients are matched to existing therapies and enrolled in clinical trials. A more nuanced way of grouping tumors could raise the odds that a treatment is tested where it actually has a chance to work.
Second, it could open a new path for drug development itself. Instead of targeting a mutation, researchers could aim to target — or even shift — the underlying state of a tumor, pushing it into a form that’s easier to treat.
“The challenge as a clinician is understanding which features within a patient’s tumor are likely to shape its behavior and responses to therapies over time,” says Srivatsan Raghavan, a medical oncologist and physician-scientist at Dana-Farber and a co-director of Project Ex Vivo. “This research aims to better represent these diverse features in cancer models and produce evidence that mirrors the complexity of tumor behaviors we see in patients.”
A statistician in a wet lab
Crawford took an unusual path to this research.
Trained as a mathematician and statistician, he was urged by an advisor to look beyond spreadsheets and learn how the data was being made. He spent most of his graduate work at Duke University straddling two worlds, embedded in a cancer biology “wet lab” where researchers worked hands-on with living cells, not just data.
Even though it initially felt “like being in a foreign country,” Crawford says it “was probably the best decision I’ve ever made, from a career perspective.”
He realized his background could help biologists manage the immense amount of data that goes into understanding variations across patients and cancer subtypes.
“Stuff started to click for me,” he says.
That experience shaped how he thinks about Project Ex Vivo today — as a way to close the gap between what works in the lab and what actually helps patients. Computational experts and experimentalists sit and work through problems together, using AI tools and tumor samples from anonymous patients.
From a lab problem to reshaping cancer treatment
What began as a focused research effort in 2022 has expanded quickly, fueled by advances in AI. The Project Ex Vivo team uses computational models to run virtual experiments and identify the most promising hypotheses before spending time and money in the lab. AI tools can help predict how a drug might shift one state into another, or how states translate across different cancer types.
As Crawford and his colleagues show in the Nature Methods study, AI models learn more from seeing a wide range of cell behavior than from simply being fed more data — a finding that challenges a common assumption in the field.
“There’s a real temptation to think simply scaling up datasets will solve these problems,” says Peter Winter, a co-director of Project Ex Vivo who’s a principal investigator at the Broad Institute, an independent, nonprofit research institution with close ties to MIT and Harvard University. “But the diversity of cell states in those datasets fundamentally shapes what kinds of insights these models can produce.”
The next step is to define cell states clearly and validate them across cancers, with the goal of giving doctors better information to help guide treatment decisions.
“There is a world where five years from now this space looks much different than it does now, which I think is highly, highly encouraging,” Crawford says. “The reality of this is not that far away.”
Lead image: Photo by Gregory Winter
Susanna Ray writes about AI and technology, with stories that show its real‑world impact and examine how innovation is reshaping work, business and society. She previously reported for Bloomberg News and other major international news organizations in the U.S. and abroad, covering beats ranging from politics and government to business and aviation. Follow her work on Microsoft Source.

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