如何赚到十亿美元

内容来源:https://paulgraham.com/earn.html
内容总结:
牛津演讲揭秘:如何合法成为亿万富翁?硅谷教父用数学证明“暴富”并不需要“作恶”
(牛津讯)在日前于牛津联盟俱乐部发表的一场演讲中,知名创业孵化器Y Combinator联合创始人保罗·格雷厄姆(Paul Graham)以独特的数学视角,驳斥了“赚取十亿美元必然伴随欺诈”的政治论调。他通过现场计算向未来政客们展示了:在科技创业领域,成为亿万富翁的核心并非剥削,而是指数级增长与对用户需求的深刻共情。
格雷厄姆以自家投资的创业公司为例:一家月增长率达93%的企业,从200万美元估值到十亿美元,仅需9.5个月。“这正是我见创始人第一句话就问增长率的原因。”他指出,即便保守以月增15%计算,5年内收入可增长4384倍——一个20岁出头的年轻人完全可能在30岁前合法成为亿万富翁。
针对政界常见的“暴富必恶”怀疑论,格雷厄姆犀利回应:“如果增长率和市场容量这两个数字本身是诚实的,那么‘不可能’的结论从何而来?”他强调,可持续的高增长源自“让用户爱到主动向朋友推荐”的产品,而非任何欺诈手段。
作为创业教父,他建议年轻创始人放弃刻意寻找“宏大商业点子”,转而与朋友共同开发自己真正想要的东西。“苹果、谷歌、Facebook最初都不是为了开公司而诞生。你的直觉比刻意搜索更能预见未来需求——哪怕一开始听起来像Justin.TV(后转型为Twitch)那样荒诞。”
格雷厄姆最后警告未来首相们:“一个社会如何创造财富,是最重要的认知之一。别让意识形态或老电影定义你的看法——看看现实世界怎么运作吧。记住:让客户持续满意,财富会自动到来。”
中文翻译:
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2026年6月
(本文基于我在牛津辩论社的一次演讲。)
既然这里显然是未来首相的俱乐部,我要告诉你们一件如果更多政客能理解就好了的事:我要告诉你们,人们是如何成为亿万富翁的。
我希望这对你们有用,即使你们不打算从政。那些当不了首相的人,可以转而成为亿万富翁。
我之所以了解这个话题,是因为21年前,杰西卡和我创办了一个叫做Y Combinator的机构。如果你没听说过Y Combinator,它介于投资公司和初创公司创始人学校之间。自从2005年创办以来,我们已经投资了大约6500家公司。
创办一家成功的初创公司是成为亿万富翁最常见的方式,所以实际上,过去21年我一直在培训人们成为亿万富翁。到目前为止,大约有30人做到了,但还有更多人在路上。
所以你们可以想象,上个月当一位美国政客说赚十亿美元是不可能的时,我有多么惊讶。我感觉就像一位滑冰教练听到有人说,完成三周半跳是不可能的。这当然可能。很难,但可能。
当然,她并不是说成为亿万富翁不可能。很明显那是可能的。她也不是在谈论收入与资本收益的区别。她不是在讨论财务问题。她的意思是,不干坏事——不以某种方式作弊——就不可能变得那么富有。
几天后,我和一位我投资过的初创公司创始人聊天。我像通常见到创始人时那样,先问她的增长率。上个月是93%,她说。我指出,这意味着她的净资产也在以每月93%的速度增长。她正以惊人的速度变得富有。而她并没有做任何坏事。她的初创公司增长这么快的原因很简单,就是用户喜欢她打造的产品。所以,她能从自己的经历中感受到那位政客错得有多离谱。她没有剥削任何人。事实上恰恰相反。她的初创公司增长这么快,是因为她和联合创始人拼命工作让用户满意,结果用户又告诉了他们的朋友。这就带来了指数级增长。
那天晚些时候,我在网上谈论她的案例,有人回复说,拥有几百万美元并以每月93%的速度增长,与成为亿万富翁截然不同。
我猜很多人会同意这种说法。但事实证明,这不仅是错误的,而且是以一种极具启发性的方式错误。所以我希望大家帮我一个忙。我想请你们拿出手机,计算一个数字。我知道这可能显得有点刻意,但我保证这对你们会有用。我将让你们做一种我作为投资者最常做的计算,而这次经历会让你们切身体会到初创公司的本质。
如果我们对他的说法做最保守的解读,假设“几百万”意味着200万,那么她的公司需要增长500倍才能让她成为亿万富翁。所以我们要计算,需要多少个月93%的增长才能让某个东西增长500倍。
为此,我们要计算以1.93为底500的对数。最简单的方法是去谷歌搜索,它允许你在搜索框里直接计算。所以去谷歌搜索,输入 log(500, 1.93)。如果你输入正确,得到的答案大约是9.45。
这就是从200万美元开始,经过93%的月增长率,需要多少个月才能成为亿万富翁。几百万美元和93%的增长率,实际上并非与十亿美元截然不同。它们之间只隔了九个半月。
现在你们明白,为什么我见到创始人时,第一件事就是问他们的增长率了。
但我不想让任何人指责我用不现实的数字,所以我们来取一个更保守的增长率。看看如果每月增长15%会怎样。这种情况一点也不罕见。我经常遇到每月增长15%的初创公司。
如果你的收入每月增长15%,五年后你的收入会增长多少?要计算这个,我们需要计算1.15的60次方(因为五年是60个月)。再去谷歌,这次输入 1.15^60。答案应该是大约4384。
这意味着五年后,你的初创公司的收入将是现在的4384倍。如果你现在每月赚一万美元,五年后你将每月赚大约4400万美元,或者说每年5.26亿美元。到那时,如果你像创始人通常那样持有公司相应比例的股权,你将成为一个亿万富翁。
在现实世界中,增长率往往会稍微放缓。一家非常成功的初创公司可能第一年每月增长超过15%,第四年每月增长低于15%。但最终结果大致相同。如果你在二十岁出头创办一家初创公司,到三十岁时成为亿万富翁绝对是有可能的。难,但可能。
我希望你们通过亲自计算来感受这一点,因为现在你们明白了人们创办初创公司的原因之一。指数增长就像魔法。它会产生看似不可能的结果。而这正是某些政客不信任它的原因。他们不理解指数增长的数学原理,所以当他们看到人们变得他们看来不可能地富有时,就以为这些人一定作弊了。
但现在你们至少明白了,通过亲自计算,成为亿万富翁并不需要作弊。你们亲眼看到,计算中只有两个数字:增长率及其持续的时间。如果赚十亿美元而不作弊是不可能的,那么这两个数字中哪个是不可能的?每月增长15%而不作弊当然不是不可能的。初创公司一直这样做。而你能以这个速度增长多久,取决于市场的规模。显然,要让你增长4000倍,至少需要有4000倍的需求。但这就是你所需要的全部条件。而且,你怎么可能通过作弊来扩大市场规模呢?
如果你只打算当首相,现在可以不再关注了。我们已经证明,赚十亿美元实际上是可能的,因为它只取决于两个数字,其中一个初创公司通常不用作弊就能达到,另一个则是作弊根本影响不了的。
但如果你真的想成为亿万富翁,我们应该更详细地探讨。特别是第一个数字——增长率。
要想每个月保持稳定的增长率,你必须做出好到让人们愿意告诉朋友的产品。事实上,这也是我一开始就问创始人增长率的另一个原因。它能显示他们是否做出了正确的东西。
那么,具体来说,你如何才能做出让人们如此喜爱以至于会告诉朋友的东西呢?市场经济的问题,也是市场经济的伟大之处,在于很难做出顾客想要但他们还没有的东西。一旦发现一个新的、可满足的需求,人们就会蜂拥而去满足它。所以你必须发现一个别人还不知道的需求。
你如何做到这一点?通过自己感受这个需求。
你们很年轻,通常年轻的创始人应该做他们自己想要的东西。你们还缺乏足够的经验去了解别人需要什么。但与此同时,你们自己的需求具有独特的价值,因为你们的需求预示着未来的需求。你们正处于人们开始使用新事物的年龄。无论你和你的朋友现在开始使用什么,十年后每个人都会使用。既然你对他人需求的直觉通常是个糟糕的信号,而你自己需求却特别有价值,那么你应该通常听从第二个信号;你应该做你和你的朋友想要的东西。
做你和你的朋友想要的东西,并不意味着你必须打造一个面向消费者的产品。也许你和你的朋友是分子生物学家,在DNA上现在可以做一件很酷的事,而其他人都忽略了。也许你和你的朋友对无人机感兴趣。这个想法不必有广泛的吸引力。它字面意思上只需要吸引你和你的朋友。
不用担心第二个数字,即市场规模。既然你预测了未来的需求,市场会增长的。而且总是可以扩展到邻近市场。你所需要的只是一个位于未满足需求领土上的滩头阵地,你可以由此扩张。
如何获得这样一个想法?答案是初创公司中最反直觉的事情之一——这已经很说明问题了,因为初创公司有很多反直觉的事情。但获得最佳初创公司想法的方法,不是去寻找初创想法。如果你有意识地寻找初创想法,它会让你过于保守。你会砍掉那些离群值。因为最好的初创想法往往一开始听起来非常糟糕,以至于如果你有意识地寻找初创想法,你会拒绝它们。这正是它们一直未被发现的原因。
想象一下,苹果、Facebook或Airbnb一开始看起来是多么糟糕的主意。有多少人会想要自己的电脑?一家公司怎么能从大学生在网上互相追踪中赚钱?谁会花钱睡在别人地板上的气垫床上?我们知道这些想法后来的结果,所以很容易改写历史,但我清楚地记得Facebook和Airbnb一开始听起来有多糟糕。我们投资了Airbnb,而且我们当时认为这个主意很糟。我们投资他们的原因仅仅是因为我们喜欢创始人。
那么,如何在不刻意寻找的情况下找到初创想法呢?通过和你的朋友一起做项目。这就是最好的初创公司的来源。最初,它们甚至不打算成为公司。它们只是人们因为觉得酷而建造的东西。苹果、谷歌和Facebook都是这样开始的。它们最初都不是有意要成为公司。
这种方法之所以奏效,原因就是我之前告诉你们的:你预测未来的需求。所以,如果你只是随便建造你觉得酷的东西,你建造的东西实际上远非随机。
这是你的潜意识比你的意识知道得更多的案例之一。任何你真心觉得会是很酷的东西,无论听起来多么荒谬,都有很大概率导向一个好的初创想法。不管你建造什么,都不可能比我们在2006年投资的一家名为Justin.TV的初创公司听起来更荒谬了。它由一个人组成,贾斯汀·坎,头上戴着一个摄像头走来走去,直播发生在他身上的一切。但这家公司最终发展得相当不错。事实上,你可能听说过它,不过用的是它的新名字:Twitch。
创办一家成功的初创公司的关键,是深刻理解某一群用户,以至于能精准做出他们想要的东西。如果你很年轻,你可以而且应该利用为自己制造东西这个窍门。你了解你自己。但这只是更普遍规则的一个实例。只有深刻理解用户,你才能做出他们如此喜爱以至于会告诉朋友的东西,也只有这样才能获得让初创公司真正成功所需的指数级增长。
除了创办初创公司,还有其他致富方式。其中一些确实需要你剥削他人。但初创公司是变得真正富有的最常见方式,如果你想创办一家成功的初创公司,关键不是剥削,而是同理心。用户真正想要什么?你能为他们做什么,让他们的生活显著改善?这种同理心正是我们在创始人身上寻找的,也是我们在录取的创始人身上培养的。
在你的社会中,人们如何致富,是了解这个社会最重要的事情之一。你不能让自己的信念被意识形态、电影或数百年前的历史案例所决定。你必须观察你周围的世界,看看它实际上是怎样的。如果你自己想这么做,显然你会被迫了解它是如何实现的。所以我不太担心你们。我担心的是未来的首相们。你们需要记住这次演讲。所以,为了你们,我将总结关键观点。
有两个数字决定了初创公司能做多大,从而决定了其创始人有多富有:增长率及其持续的时间。你通过做出用户喜爱到会告诉朋友的东西来获得第一个。你通过身处一个大市场来获得第二个。如果你以指数级增长进入一个大市场,你的初创公司就会变得有价值,而作为股东的你也会变得富有。要实现这一点,你不仅不需要作弊,而且只要你持续让客户满意,这就会自动发生。
感谢特雷弗·布莱克威尔、贾里德·弗里德曼、杰西卡·利文斯顿和加里·谭审阅本文草稿,感谢阿尔瓦·埃尔拉耶斯和牛津辩论社的邀请。
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英文来源:
| June 2026 (This is based on a talk I gave at the Oxford Union.) Since this is apparently the future prime ministers' club, I'm going to tell you about something it would be good if more politicians understood: I'm going to tell you how people become billionaires. I hope this will be useful to you even if you don't plan to go into politics. Those of you who don't become prime minister can become billionaires instead. The reason I know about this topic is that 21 years ago Jessica and I started something called Y Combinator. If you haven't heard of Y Combinator, it's a cross between an investment firm and a school for startup founders. Since we started it in 2005 we've funded about 6500 companies. Starting a successful startup is the most common way to become a billionaire, so in effect I've spent the last 21 years training people to become billionaires. So far about 30 of them have, but there are many more in the pipeline. So you can imagine how astonished I was last month when an American politician said that it was impossible to earn a billion dollars. I felt like a skating coach hearing someone say that it's impossible to do a triple axel. Of course it's possible. It's hard, but it's possible. She wasn't saying, of course, that it's impossible to become a billionaire. Obviously that's possible. Nor was she talking about the distinction between income and capital gains. She wasn't making a point about accounting. What she meant was that it's impossible to get that rich without doing something bad — without cheating in some way. A couple days later I was talking to the founder of a startup I'd funded. I began by asking, as I usually do when I meet a founder, what her growth rate was. 93% last month, she said. I pointed out that this meant her net worth was also growing at 93% a month. She was getting richer at a stupendously rapid rate. And yet she hadn't been doing anything bad. The reason her startup was growing so fast was simply that users loved what she'd built. So she could feel from her own experience how wrong that politician was. She wasn't exploiting anyone. Exactly the opposite in fact. The reason her startup was growing so fast was that she and her cofounder had been working their asses off to make their users happy, and as a result the users had been telling their friends. And that gets you exponential growth. Later that day I was talking about her case online, and someone replied that having a few million and growing at 93% a month was radically different from being a billionaire. I suspect many people would agree with this statement. But it turns out not merely to be false, but false in a very illuminating way. So I would like you all to do me a favor please. I would like you to take out your phones and calculate a number. I know this may seem contrived, but I promise it will be useful for you. I'm going to have you do the most common kind of calculation I do as an investor, and the experience will bring home to you what startups are all about. If we interpret his statement in the most conservative way and assume that a few means 2, her company has to grow 500x for her to become a billionaire. So we are going to calculate how many months of 93% growth it takes for something to grow 500x. To do this we want to calculate the log base 1.93 of 500. The easiest way to do that is to go to Google search, which lets you do calculations right in the search box. So go to Google search and type log(500, 1.93). If you typed that right, the answer you get is about 9.45. That is how many months of 93% growth it takes to become a billionaire, starting from 2 million. A couple million and 93% growth are not, in fact, radically different from a billion. They're nine and a half months apart. Now you see why, when I meet a founder, the first thing I ask about is their growth rate. But I don't want anyone to accuse me of using unrealistic numbers, so let's take a more conservative growth rate. Let's see what happens at 15% a month. That's not rare at all. I constantly encounter startups growing at 15% a month. If your revenues grow at 15% a month, how much more will you be making 5 years from now? To calculate that, we need to find 1.15 to the 60th power (since 5 years is 60 months). So go to Google again and this time type 1.15^60. The answer should be about 4384. Meaning in 5 years your startup will be making 4384 times as much. If you're currently making ten thousand a month, in five years you'll be making about 44 million a month, or 526 million a year. And at that point, if you own as much of the company as founders typically do, you will be a billionaire. In the real world, growth rates tend to slow down a bit. A very successful startup will probably be growing faster than 15% a month in year 1 and slower than 15% a month in year 4. But you end up in about the same place. If you start a startup in your early twenties, it's definitely possible to be a billionare by the time you're thirty. Hard, but possible. I wanted you to feel this by doing the calculation yourselves, because now you understand one of the reasons people start startups. Exponential growth is like magic. It generates outcomes that seem impossible. And that's why some politicians distrust it. They don't understand the math of exponential growth, so when they see people becoming what seems to them impossibly rich, they assume they must have cheated. But now you at least understand, from having done the math yourselves, that you don't have to cheat to become a billionaire. You've seen for yourselves that there are only two numbers in the calculation, the growth rate and how long it continues. If it's impossible to make a billion dollars without cheating, which of those two numbers is impossible? It's certainly not impossible to grow at 15% a month without cheating. Startups do that all the time. And how long you can continue to grow at that rate depends on the size of the market. Obviously for you to grow 4000x, there has to be at least 4000x more demand. But that's all you need. And how could you possibly cheat to increase the market size? If you're only planning to become prime minister, you can stop paying attention now. We've proved that it is in fact possible to earn a billion dollars, because it only depends on two numbers, one of which startups routinely hit without cheating, and another that cheating couldn't possibly affect. But if you actually want to become a billionaire, we should go into more detail. Especially about that first number, the growth rate. To grow at a consistent rate every month, you have to make something so good that people tell their friends about it. And in fact that's the other reason I always begin by asking founders their growth rate. It shows whether they've built the right thing. So how, exactly, do you make something people like so much that they tell their friends about it? The problem with market economies, and also the great thing about market economies, is that it's hard to make something customers want that they don't already have. As soon as a new, satisfiable need is discovered, people rush to satisfy it. So you're going to have to discover a need that no one else knows about yet. How do you do that? By feeling the need yourself. You're young, and usually young founders should make something that they themselves want. You don't have enough experience yet to know what other people need. But at the same time your own needs are uniquely valuable, because your needs predict future demand. You're the age when people start using new things. Whatever you and your friends start using now, everyone is going to be using in ten years. Since your intuitions about other people's needs are usually a crap signal, and your own needs are an especially valuable one, you should usually listen to the second signal; you should make something you and your friends want. Making something you and your friends want doesn't mean you have to build a consumer product. Maybe you and your friends are molecular biologists, and there's something cool that could be done now to DNA that everyone else has overlooked. Maybe you and your friends are into drones. The idea doesn't have to have a wide appeal. It literally just has to appeal to you and your friends. Don't worry about the second number, the market size. Since you predict future demand, the market will grow. And it's always possible to expand into adjacent markets. All you need is a beachhead in the territory of unsatisfied need that you can expand from. How do you get an idea like that? The answer is one of the most counterintuitive things about startups — which is saying something, because there are a lot of counterintuitive things about startups. But the way to get the very best startup ideas is not to look for startup ideas. If you're consciously looking for startup ideas, it will make you too conservative. You'll lop off the outliers. Because the very best startup ideas tend to sound so lame, at first, that you'd reject them if you were consciously looking for startup ideas. That's what has prevented them from being discovered. Imagine what a bad idea Apple or Facebook or Airbnb seemed at first. How many people are going to want their own computers? How is a company going to make money from undergrads stalking one another online? Who's going to pay to sleep on an airbed on someone's floor? We know how these ideas turned out, so it's easy to rewrite history, but I remember very well how bad Facebook and Airbnb sounded at first. We funded Airbnb, and we thought the idea was bad. The reason we funded them was just that we liked the founders. So how do you find startup ideas without looking for them? By working on projects with your friends. That's where the very best startups come from. Initially they're not even meant to be companies. They're just something people built because they thought it would be cool. That's how Apple and Google and Facebook all started. None of them were meant to be companies at first. The reason this works is what I told you earlier: you predict future demand. So if you just build random stuff you think would be cool, the things you build will actually be far from random. This is one of those cases where your unconscious mind knows more than your conscious mind does. Anything that genuinely seems to you like it would be a cool thing to build has a high probability of leading to a good startup idea, no matter how preposterous it sounds. Whatever you build couldn't possibly sound more preposterous than a startup we funded in 2006 called Justin.TV. It consisted of one guy, Justin Kan, walking around with a camera on the side of his head, live streaming everything that happened to him. But this company ended up doing quite well. In fact you've probably heard of it, but under its new name, Twitch. The key to starting a successful startup is to understand some group of users so well that you can make exactly what they want. If you're young you can, and should, use the hack of making something for yourself. You understand yourself. But this is just an instance of the more general rule. Only by understanding users very deeply can you make something they love so much that they tell their friends about it, and only that can get you the exponential growth you need to make a startup really successful. There are other ways to get rich than by starting startups. Some of those do require you to exploit people. But startups are the most common way to become really rich, and if you want to start a successful startup, the key is not exploitation but empathy. What do users really want? What could you do for them that would make their lives dramatically better? That kind of empathy is what we look for in founders, and what we cultivate in the ones we accept. How people become rich in your society is one of the most important things to understand about it. You can't let your beliefs about this be determined by ideology, or movies, or historical examples that are centuries old. You must look at the world around you and see how it's actually done. If you want to do it yourself, obviously you'll be forced to understand how it's done. So I don't worry too much about you. The ones I worry about are the future prime ministers. You need to remember this talk. So for you I'm going to summarize the key ideas. There are two numbers that determine how big a startup gets, and thus how rich its founders become: the growth rate and how long it continues. You get the first by making something users like so much they tell their friends. You get the second by being in a big market. If you grow exponentially into a big market, your startup will become valuable, and you, as a shareholder, will become rich. You not only don't have to cheat to make this happen, it will happen automatically if you just keep making customers happy. Thanks to Trevor Blackwell, Jared Friedman, Jessica Livingston, and Garry Tan for reading drafts of this, and to Arwa Elrayess and the Oxford Union for hosting me. |
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