内容来源：https://www.engadget.com/2207998/vera-c-rubin-observatory-begins-cyborg-cockroaches-nasa-clps-moon-base-missions/

内容总结：

本周科学新闻综述：十年巡天巨制“宇宙电影”开拍，赛博蟑螂解锁水下救援新技能

一、薇拉·鲁宾天文台启动十年巡天，开启“宇宙电影”拍摄
位于智利的薇拉·C·鲁宾天文台已于6月30日正式启动“时空遗产巡天”（LSST）项目。这座拥有全球最大32亿像素数码相机的天文台，将在未来十年内每约40秒拍摄一张图像，每数个夜晚完成对南天球的完整扫描，旨在“制作一部超广角、超高清晰度的宇宙延时纪录片”。美国国家科学基金会相关负责人表示：“今天，我们开始拍摄有史以来最宏大的宇宙电影。”该项目每晚将产生约1000张图像、总计约10TB数据，预计对天空每个点位重复观测约800次，以捕捉天体变化与宇宙事件。美国能源部科学副部长指出，这一任务将重新定义现代宇宙学与天体物理学，助力人类探索暗能量、暗物质及宇宙膨胀等根本奥秘。

二、新加坡与日本团队为“赛博蟑螂”研发水下潜水服
南洋理工大学与早稻田大学的研究人员本周宣布，他们为“赛博蟑螂”（即搭载电子控制器的马达加斯加发声蟑螂）研制了一款微型柔性潜水服。该装置包括氧气生成罐、柔性外壳及四根连接至蟑螂呼吸孔（气门）的硅胶供气管，可让这些昆虫在水下持续生存长达3小时。研究团队解释，虽然此前赛博蟑螂已被用于地震搜救（如今年春季缅甸强震后的首次实地部署），但潮湿或水下环境一直是其短板。该潜水服可在实验后无痛移除，不伤害蟑螂本体。相关论文发表于《自然·通讯》，旨在拓展这种微型机器人在复杂环境中的搜救能力。

三、NASA选定三家公司执行2028年月球基地物资运送任务
美国国家航空航天局本周宣布，授予Astrobotic、萤火虫宇航及直觉机器公司总计约6亿美元的合同，用于在2028年底前执行四次月球表面物资运送任务。这些任务将服务于NASA价值200亿美元的月球基地建设计划。所有运送任务均使用各公司升级版着陆器，且每批货物均搭载三类相同载荷：着陆数据采集立体相机、精确定位激光反射器阵列、以及空间辐射能谱测量仪。NASA官员解释，这种“重复搭载”模式旨在在不同着陆点建立类似地球气象站的环境数据与定位标记网络，从而更全面评估着陆风险，为未来安全的人类月球探索提供关键数据支撑。

中文翻译：

一项为期十年的巡天观测正式启动"宇宙电影"拍摄，半机械蟑螂穿上潜水服执行水下任务，以及更多科学故事。
本周科学新闻速览。
本周，维拉·鲁宾天文台的"时空遗产巡天"计划正式启动，这项耗时二十余年筹备的大规模巡天项目将帮助人类更深入理解太阳系、暗能量、暗物质及宇宙膨胀等宇宙奥秘。敬请阅读以下详情，以及本周其他备受关注的科学资讯。

维拉·鲁宾天文台投入运行
位于智利的维拉·鲁宾天文台搭载着全球最大的32亿像素数码相机，已于6月30日开启为期十年的宇宙巡天任务。在未来十年间，该设备将以约每40秒一张的频率拍摄新图像，每隔数夜即可完成对整个南天区的观测。其启动公告称，这些观测数据将"构建出超宽幅、超高清的宇宙延时记录"。

"今天，我们开始拍摄有史以来最宏大的宇宙电影。"美国国家科学基金会的布莱恩·斯通在公告中表示。该天文台去年夏季已通过测试运行捕获首批影像，清晰呈现了数百万星系、恒星以及数千颗此前未知的小行星。在名为"时空遗产巡天"的十年计划中，每个天区将被重复观测约800次，从而记录天体变化与宇宙事件。鲁宾天文台每晚约拍摄千张图像，日产生数据量达10太字节。

"这项使命将重新定义现代宇宙学与天体物理学。"美国能源部科学副部长达里奥·吉尔表示，"通过探索暗能量与暗物质的神秘现象，我们不仅是在观测星辰，更在努力把握支配人类存在的基本法则。"

半机械蟑螂的潜水装备
在本周令人汗毛直竖的研究成果中，新加坡南洋理工大学与早稻田大学的科学家宣布研制出微型潜水服，可使半机械蟑螂连续水下生存数小时。若您疑惑为何要给蟑螂加装机械装置并强迫其水下游泳——我与您感同身受。

研究团队指出，半机械昆虫在搜索救援领域具有潜力，能进入人类、动物及大型机器人无法抵达的空间。今年春季缅甸发生毁灭性地震后，半机械蟑螂已首次实战应用于搜救工作。普通半机械蟑螂（实为配备电子控制器的活体马岛发声蟑螂）无法应对淹水环境。新型柔性潜水服由制氧舱、柔性外壳及四根硅胶供氧管组成，这些导管连接在蟑螂的呼吸气孔上。团队表示，后续可无痛移除导管且不伤及蟑螂。本周发表于《自然·通讯》的论文显示，测试中半机械蟑螂借助该装置可连续水下游泳达3小时。

NASA选定2028年月球基地运输承包商
今年早些时候，美国国家航空航天局调整月球探索计划，宣布暂停建造环月轨道"门户"空间站，转而投资200亿美元建设月球基地。首批三次运载月球基地载荷的任务计划于2026年底前完成。本周，NASA宣布新增四次月球运输任务，定于2028年末执行。该机构已向Astrobotic、萤火虫航空航天及直觉机器公司授予总价值近6亿美元的合同，用于运送月球基地科学载荷。

其中Astrobotic将执行两次月球任务，其余两家各执行一次。所有运输任务均基于各公司着陆器设计的升级版本，借鉴了NASA商业月球载荷服务计划此前任务的成果。每次运输的载荷配置相同：用于采集着陆数据的立体月尘表面研究相机、确定环月轨道或月表航天器位置的激光反射器阵列，以及测量空间辐射能量的线性能量传递光谱仪。看似重复的安排实则深意。

"通过在不同着陆器搭载相同的科学仪器，我们能够更准确评估着陆潜在风险，在月球构建全球性环境数据网络与定位标记。"NASA总部科学任务理事会探索副局长乔尔·卡恩斯表示，"这如同在地球不同地点设置气象站。这三款载荷均经过飞行验证，其数据对支持人类安全探索月表至关重要。"

英文来源：

A 10-year sky survey begins filming a 'cosmic movie,' cyborg cockroaches go for a dive and more science stories
This week’s science news.
This week marked the beginning of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time, a massive effort to observe the sky that comes more than two decades in the making. It could help us to better understand our own solar system and the mysteries of the cosmos, from dark energy and dark matter to the expansion of the universe. Read on to learn more about that, plus other science news that grabbed our attention this week.
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory gets to work
The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, which contains the largest digital camera in the world at 3,200 megapixels, has begun its 10-year survey of the universe. Its campaign kicked off on June 30, and for the next decade it will capture a new image roughly every 40 seconds, observing the entire southern sky every few nights. A press release announcing its commencement said its observations will "create an ultrawide, ultrahigh-definition time-lapse record of the universe."
"Today, we begin filming the greatest cosmic movie ever made," Brian Stone of the National Science Foundation said in the announcement. The observatory captured its first images last summer in a test run of its capabilities, producing a remarkable look at millions of galaxies and stars, along with thousands of previously unseen asteroids. Over the course of its decade-long survey, called the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), it will revisit each point in the sky roughly 800 times, allowing it to record changes and cosmic events. Rubin will take about a thousand images per night, amounting to about ten terabytes of data daily.
"It is embarking on a mission that will redefine modern cosmology and astrophysics," said Darío Gil, Under Secretary for Science at the US Department of Energy. Gil added, "By seeking to understand the enigmatic phenomena of dark energy and dark matter, we are not just observing the stars; we are striving to grasp the fundamental laws that govern our existence."
Diving suits for swimming cyborg cockroaches
This week in Research That Makes My Skin Crawl, scientists from Nanyang Technological University Singapore and Waseda University announced that they've developed a tiny diving suit that allows cyborg cockroaches to survive swimming underwater for hours at a time. If you're wondering why, exactly, roaches need to be borg-ified and forced to swim underwater at all, I'm right there with you.
According to the team, cyborg insects have potential for use in search and rescue operations, as they can access spaces that would be inaccessible to humans, animals and larger robots. Cyborg roaches were recently deployed in the field for the first time to assist with search and rescue efforts after a devastating earthquake in Myanmar this spring.
A flooded environment would normally prove a no-go for the cyborg roaches, which are living Madagascar hissing cockroaches fitted with electronic controllers. The flexible diving suit consists of an oxygen-generation tank, a flexible shell and four silicone supply tubes that are attached to the roaches' spiracles, or the openings that they breathe through. The team says these tubes can be removed painlessly afterward without harming the roach. In a paper published this week in Nature Communications, the researchers report that the cyborg robots were able to swim underwater for up to 3 hours with this setup in tests.
NASA picks three companies for 2028 Moon Base deliveries
Earlier this year, NASA overhauled its plans for lunar exploration, announcing that it was hitting pause on building an orbiting Lunar Gateway space station and would instead build a $20 billion Moon Base. The first three missions to deliver payloads to the lunar surface for the eventual Moon Base are scheduled to happen before the end of 2026. This week, NASA announced four more missions heading to the moon, these ones scheduled for late 2028. The space agency says it's awarded contracts totaling nearly $600 million to Astrobotic, Firefly Aerospace and Intuitive Machines to deliver science payloads for the Moon Base.
Astrobotic will make two trips to the moon, while the other two companies will each make one. All of these deliveries will rely on updated versions of each company's lander designs, building on insights from previous missions under NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. The payloads will be the same for each delivery: a Stereo Camera for Lunar Plume Surface Studies (SCALPSS) to collect landing data, a Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) for precision in determining the location of spacecraft in lunar orbit or landing on the surface, and a Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer (LETS) for measuring the energy of incoming space radiation. If it seems redundant, well, that's the point.
"By flying the same science instruments on multiple landers, we will better understand potential hazards during landing and build out a global network of environmental data and location markers on the Moon," said Joel Kearns, deputy associate administrator for exploration, Science Mission Directorate, at NASA Headquarters. "It's akin to having weather stations in different locations on Earth. These three payloads are flight-proven and their data is critical to supporting safe human exploration of the lunar surface."