内容来源：https://www.engadget.com/2267893/level-1-2-vs-3-ev-charger-which-is-better/

内容总结：

电动汽车充电桩怎么选？一、二、三级有何区别？

对于刚入手电动汽车的车主来说，面对家里和公路上各种充电选择，可能会感到意外。虽然行业已经用“一级、二级、三级”来标准化充电速度，但这些标签本身并不能说明太多问题。安装一个二级充电桩可能要花上数百美元，这笔钱到底值不值得花？

一级充电桩充满一块电动汽车电池需要40多个小时，而三级充电桩在一个小时内就能为车辆增加数百英里的续航。虽然“越快越好”听起来有道理，但我们还必须考虑成本和电池寿命等取舍。那么到底该用哪一级充电？答案完全取决于你打算在哪里充电、每天开多远，以及你所在地区的电价。

一级、二级、三级充电到底有什么区别？

一级充电桩使用的就是北美标准120伏家用插座，充电功率限制在约1.4千瓦。二级充电桩使用240伏电路，通常电流更高，因此能提供大得多的功率。具体高多少取决于充电桩和电路：一个40安培的二级充电桩（接在50安培电路上）可输出高达9.6千瓦的功率。市面上也有最高80安培的二级充电桩，可输出高达19.2千瓦，前提是你家的电力服务能支撑。

一级和二级充电桩向电动汽车提供电网的交流电。车辆内置的车载充电器会先将交流电转换为直流电，再输送到电池。交流转直流并非百分之百高效，因此会产生热量，而且车载充电器只能在一定的功率上限内工作。而三级充电时，交流转直流在进入车辆之前就已完成，绕过了车载充电器，直接将高压电输送到车辆电池。

这让三级充电桩的功率更上一层楼，通常可输出50千瓦到500千瓦。需要注意的是，电池越满，充电速度就越慢，因此没有哪款电动汽车能长时间保持最高充电速率。尽管如此，三级充电桩足以在一两个小时内将耗尽电量充至满电，对于支持最高功率的新车型尤其如此。例如，Lucid Gravity在找到支持相应速率的三级充电桩时，最高可充至400千瓦。而特斯拉Model Y的最高充电功率视车型不同，在175千瓦到250千瓦之间。

家里该装一级还是二级充电桩？

如果你每天只开几英里，一级充电桩就足够了。既然车辆电池可以 overnight 慢慢充，就没必要花数百美元去买二级充电桩和做电路升级。如果你的电力供应商提供分时电价方案，你可以安排在非高峰时段充电，靠一级充电桩就能为第二天通勤充入足够的续航。

虽然具体数字取决于车辆能效，但美国环保署估计，一级充电每小时可增加约5英里续航。所以即便保守按8小时充电时间算，也能增加大约40英里续航。

如果你工作日经常跑长途，二级充电桩就更合理了。你仍然可以利用非高峰电价，但一个40安培的充电桩每小时可增加30多英里续航。这几乎消除了续航焦虑，因为一次 overnight 充电就能轻松增加数百英里。

如果你还在犹豫要不要装二级充电桩，不妨考虑周末也可以全天充电。有些分时电价方案在周末提供更低或非高峰费率，这样一来，即便是一级充电桩，插上一整天也能增加可观的续航。如果你的车周末大部分时间都停着，一级充电桩就完全够用。万一遇到紧急情况，你还可以直接使用公共二级或三级充电桩。

另一方面，有些电动汽车电池在冬季需要预热，一级充电桩可能难以同时兼顾加热和给电池供电。低温还会降低电动汽车的实际续航，因此如果车库没有供暖，二级充电桩可能是更明智的选择。

什么时候该用三级充电桩？

三级充电桩是给电动汽车电池充电最快的方式，但在住宅场景中并不常见。因为它们需要更强大的电力接入，在家里装一个几乎肯定意味着要对电力服务进行大规模升级。三级充电桩通常出现在停车场或高速公路休息站等商业场所。

三级充电桩可在一小时内增加超过一百英里续航，因此非常适合公路旅行和快速补电。不过，不同直流快充桩的最高功率差别很大，所以一个三级充电桩可能比另一个快得多。

三级充电桩的缺点是成本，以及可能对电池寿命的影响。虽然快充对电池长期健康的影响尚无定论，但坚持使用二级充电可以避免这一顾虑。优点也很明显：公共三级充电桩最接近燃油车“加满就走”的体验。

在选择公共充电桩时，你需要留意物理接口。北美目前正从较老的J1772和CCS接口向NACS过渡，你可能认得NACS就是特斯拉车辆历来使用的插头。NACS现在已成为北美电动汽车充电标准，未来几年大多数新电动汽车都会配备。如果你的车需要NACS接口，而公共充电桩只提供CCS接口，没有适配器就无法在那里充电。有些充电站提供多种接口可选，但并非总是如此。

CCS与NACS的问题随着时间推移会自然解决，但目前我建议使用PlugShare或ChargePoint这类应用，查询特定地点有哪些接口可用。这些应用还会显示该地点提供的是一级还是二级充电，方便你在赶时间时找到最快的充电站。

中文翻译：

1级、2级和3级电动汽车充电器：用哪种更好？

只要你每天不开长途，1级充电可能就够用了。

如果你是新晋电动汽车车主，你可能会惊讶地发现，无论是居家充电还是在路上续航，可选的充电方式竟然这么多。虽然行业已经对“1级”“2级”“3级”充电做了统一命名，但这些标签本身并不能说明太多问题。安装一台2级充电器还可能花费数百美元，那这笔钱到底值不值得花？

1级充电器给电动汽车电池充满电可能需要40多个小时，而3级充电器则能在一小时内为车辆增加数百英里的续航。你可能会觉得越快越好，但我们还得考虑成本和电池寿命等取舍。那么，你到底该用哪种充电级别？答案完全取决于你打算在哪里充电、你开多远，以及你所在地区的电费水平。

1级、2级与3级充电：有什么区别？

1级电动汽车充电器就是直接使用北美标准的120伏家用插座，因此充电功率被限制在约1.4千瓦。2级充电器使用240伏电路，通常电流也更高，因此能输出大得多的功率。至于多多少，取决于充电器和电路：一台40安培的2级充电器（接在50安培电路上）最高可输出9.6千瓦。市面上甚至还有高达80安培的2级充电器，最高可输出19.2千瓦——前提是你家的电力服务能撑得住。

1级和2级充电器向电动汽车提供的是电网的交流电。车辆的车载充电机在电流到达电池之前，会先把它转换成直流电。交流转直流并非百分之百高效，因此会产生热量，而且车载充电机只能在一定的功率上限内工作。使用3级充电时，交流转直流在电流到达车辆之前就已经完成，绕过了车载充电机，直接把高压电输送给车辆电池。

这让3级充电器能把功率往上再提一个档次，通常可输出50千瓦到500千瓦。需要注意的是，电池越接近充满，充电速度就越慢，所以没有哪辆电动汽车能长时间维持其绝对峰值充电功率。尽管如此，3级充电器已足以在一两个小时内把耗尽电量电动汽车电池完全充满。对于支持最高功率水平的新款车型来说尤其如此。比如Lucid Gravity，如果你能找到支持相应功率的3级充电器，它最高可以400千瓦的功率充电。而特斯拉Model Y的最大充电功率则在175千瓦到250千瓦之间，具体取决于车型版本。

1级与2级：你在家里需要哪种电动汽车充电器？

如果你每天只开几英里，1级充电器就完全够用。既然你的电动汽车电池只要插一整夜就能充好，那就没什么理由花上数百美元去买2级充电器并升级电路。如果你的电力公司提供分时电价方案，你可以把充电安排在非高峰时段，靠1级充电仍然能为第二天的通勤补足大量续航。

虽然具体数字取决于车辆的能效，但美国国家环境保护局（EPA）估计，1级充电每小时大约能增加5英里续航。所以即便按保守的8小时充电时间计算，你也能增加大约40英里续航。

如果你工作日经常开较长距离，2级充电器就合理得多。你仍然可以利用非高峰电价，但一台40安培充电器每小时能增加30多英里续航。这几乎消除了续航焦虑，因为你只需夜间充一次电，就能轻松补回数百英里。

如果你还在犹豫要不要装2级充电器，不妨考虑一下：周末你也许可以整天充电。有些分时电价方案在周末提供更低价格或非高峰费率，这样一来，即便只是1级充电器，只要插上一整天，也能增加相当可观的里程。如果你的车周末大部分时间都停着，这会令1级充电器成为完全可行的选择。而如果你偶尔遇到紧急情况，也直接用公共2级或3级充电器就行了。

反过来看，有些电动汽车电池在冬天需要预热，因此1级充电器可能难以同时给电池加热并向电池输电。寒冷天气还会降低电动汽车的实际续航，所以如果车库没有供暖，2级充电器可能是更明智的选择。

什么时候该用3级充电器？

3级充电器是给电动汽车电池充电最快的方式，但它们在住宅场景中并不常见。这是因为它们需要更强大的电力连接，在家里装一台几乎肯定意味着要对电力服务进行大幅升级。3级充电器通常出现在停车场或高速公路休息站等商业场所。

3级充电器能在一小时内增加一百多英里续航，因此非常适合公路旅行和快速补电。话虽如此，不同直流快充桩的最大功率差异很大，所以一台3级充电器可能比另一台快得多。

3级充电器的缺点在于成本，以及潜在的电池寿命影响。虽然快充对电池长期健康的影响目前仍无定论，但坚持使用2级充电就能打消这层顾虑。它的优点则很明显：公共3级充电器提供的体验，最接近燃油车“加满就走”的感觉。

在看公共充电桩时，你还需要留意物理接口。北美目前正从较老的J1772和CCS接口过渡到NACS，你可能认出这就是特斯拉车辆过去使用的插头。NACS如今已成为北美电动汽车充电标准，未来几年大多数新款电动车都会配备这种接口。

如果你的车需要NACS接口，而某个公共充电桩只提供CCS接口，那么没有适配器你就无法在那里充电。有些充电站会提供多种接口可选，但情况并非总是如此。

CCS与NACS的问题随着时间推移应该会自行解决，但就目前而言，我建议使用PlugShare或ChargePoint之类的应用，先查清某个地点提供哪些接口。这些应用还会标明某地提供的是2级还是3级充电，方便你在赶时间时找到最快的充电站。

英文来源：

Level 1, 2 and 3 EV chargers: Which is better to use?
Provided you don't drive long distances every day, Level 1 charging could be all you need.
If you're a new electric vehicle owner, you may be surprised to learn just how many charging options you have available, both at home and to extend your range on the road. While the industry has standardized terms like Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 charging, those labels offer little information on their own. Installing a Level 2 charger can also cost hundreds of dollars, so is it an expense worth taking on?
A Level 1 charger can take more than 40 hours to fully charge up an EV's battery, while a Level 3 charger can add hundreds of miles to your car's range within a single hour. While you may think faster is always better, we also have to account for tradeoffs like cost and battery longevity. So which charging level should you use? The answer depends entirely on where you plan to charge your car, how far you drive and the cost of electricity in your region.
Level 1 vs. Level 2 vs. Level 3 charging: What's the difference?
A Level 1 EV charger simply uses the standard 120-volt household outlet in North America, which limits it to about 1.4kW of charging power. Level 2 chargers use 240-volt circuits, typically at higher currents, allowing them to deliver substantially more power. How much more depends on the charger and circuit: A 40-amp Level 2 charger (on a 50-amp circuit) can deliver as much as 9.6kW of power. Level 2 chargers all the way up to 80A exist too, delivering up to 19.2kW, provided your home's electrical service can support it.
Level 1 and Level 2 chargers supply the grid's alternating current (AC) to the EV. The vehicle's onboard charger converts this supply to direct current (DC) before it reaches the battery. Converting AC to DC isn't 100-percent efficient, so it generates heat, and onboard chargers only work up to a certain power limit. With Level 3 charging, the AC-to-DC conversion takes place before it reaches the car, bypassing the onboard charger and delivering high-voltage power directly to the car's battery.
This lets Level 3 chargers dial things up a notch, typically pushing anywhere from 50kW to 500kW of power. It's important to note that charging speeds drop as the battery gets more full, so no EV will be charging at their absolute peak rate for very long. Regardless, Level 3 chargers can be enough to fully recharge a depleted EV battery in an hour or two. That's especially true for newer vehicle models that support the highest power levels. The Lucid Gravity, for instance, can charge at up 400kW if you can find a Level 3 charger that supports that rate. Meanwhile, the Tesla Model Y's maximum charging power ranges from 175kW to 250kW, depending on the model.
Level 1 vs. Level 2: Which EV charger do you need at home?
If you only drive a few miles a day, a Level 1 charger is all you need. There's little reason to shell out hundreds of dollars for a Level 2 charger and an electrical upgrade when your EV's battery can simply charge overnight. If you're on a time-of-use plan with your energy provider, you can schedule charging during off-peak hours and still gain plenty of range through Level 1 charging for your commute the next day.
While the exact figure depends on your vehicle's efficiency, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates Level 1 charging adds about 5 miles of range per hour. So even with a conservative 8 hours of charging time, you stand to gain roughly 40 miles of range.
Level 2 chargers make a lot more sense when you frequently drive longer distances during the week. You can still take advantage of off-peak electricity rates, but with a 40A charger can add over 30 miles of range per hour. This all but eliminates range anxiety since you can easily add hundreds of miles in a single overnight charge session.
If you're on the fence about installing a Level 2 charger, consider that you may also be able to charge all day on the weekends. Some time-of-use plans offer lower or off-peak rates over the weekends, allowing even a Level 1 charger to add significant mileage if plugged in for a full day. This can make Level 1 chargers a perfectly viable option if your car sits parked for most of the weekend. And if you're ever in a pinch, you can simply use a public Level 2 or Level 3 charger.
On the flip side, some EV batteries require warming up in the winter, so a Level 1 charger may struggle to both heat up and deliver power to the battery simultaneously. Cold weather also reduces an EV's effective range, so an unheated garage can make Level 2 chargers the more sensible option.
When should you use Level 3 chargers?
Level 3 chargers are the fastest option to charge your EV's battery, but they're uncommon in residential settings. This is because they require a much more substantial electrical connection, and installing one in your home would almost certainly entail a significant electrical service upgrade. You'll typically find Level 3 chargers in commercial settings like parking lots or highway rest stops.
Level 3 chargers can add over a hundred miles of range within a single hour, making them ideal for road trips and quick top-ups. Having said that, the maximum power varies considerably between DC fast chargers so one Level 3 charger might be significantly faster than another.
The downsides to Level 3 chargers are cost and, potentially, battery longevity. While the jury is still out on the impact of faster charging on long-term battery health, sticking to Level 2 charging will alleviate that concern. The upside is obvious: Public Level 3 chargers offer the closest analog to the fill-up-and-go experience of a gas-powered car.
When looking at public chargers, you'll need to pay attention to the physical connector. North America is currently transitioning from older J1772 and CCS connectors toward NACS, which you may recognize as the plug historically used by Tesla vehicles. NACS has now become the standard for EV charging in North America and will ship on most new electric cars in the coming years.
If your car requires NACS and a public charger only offers the CCS connector, you won't be able to plug in at that location without an adapter. Some charging stations offer multiple connectors to choose from, but this isn't always the case.
The CCS/NACS issue should solve itself over time, but for now I'd recommend using an app like PlugShare or ChargePoint to find out which connectors are available at a particular location. These apps also report whether a location offers Level 2 or Level 3 charging, allowing you to find the fastest station when in a hurry.