内容来源：https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ai-task-completion-ability-space-scifi

内容总结：

AI尚未具备在太空“单飞”的能力
在科幻电影《机器人总动员》中，人工智能系统“AUTO”操控星际飞船航行700年，但现实中的太空探索远未达到这一水平。美国国家航空航天局等机构虽已在火星车导航、卫星防碰撞、宇航员训练中应用AI，但专家指出，当前AI的容错率远低于科幻作品，而太空任务“几乎没有犯错空间”。

任务复杂多变，现有AI难以应对
斯坦福大学机器人专家丹尼尔·加梅利强调，太空环境极端且充满未知——辐射、太空碎片、温度剧变等要求机器人具备灵活适应能力，但现有AI仅擅长重复性、单线程任务，且容易生成错误信息。例如，《机器人总动员》主角瓦力能无程序预设地更换零件、应对突发危机，这种“通用人工智能”目前尚不存在。

AI的强项：高效处理海量数据
莱斯大学计算机科学家桑乔伊·保罗指出，AI的真正优势在于快速分析数据。以火星车“毅力号”为例，其AI算法可自主扫描矿物成分，筛选值得采集的岩石样本，避免人类被海量信息淹没。然而，多步骤复杂任务仍需模块化“自主堆栈”系统协同运行：一个模块识别障碍，另一个模块决策，再交由其他模块执行物理操作。

人类监督不可或缺
保罗强调，当前AI仍存在不可预测性，“若以生命为赌注，你绝不会完全依赖AI”。太空机器人需具备自主制定子目标的能力，以应对临场状况，但最终决策仍需人类介入。加梅利总结道：“我们希望机器人尽可能独立，而非像瓦力那样‘弃任务私奔’。”

中文翻译：

人工智能尚未具备在太空中独立行动的能力
在科幻作品中，人工智能能够探索未知领域，但现实中它的智能水平还远未达到这一程度
电影《机器人总动员》里，最后一批地球人乘坐“公理号”星舰穿越柯伊伯带。在地球变得不宜居住后，一支全自动机器人团队照料了他们700年。掌管飞船的是名为AUTO的人工智能系统，它致力于让人类永远远离地球。
在现实世界，美国国家航空航天局等航天机构正利用人工智能探索太阳系。它们操控火星车、预防卫星碰撞、训练宇航员适应太空飞行。但就目前而言，太空任务中的人类若是过度依赖人工智能，恐怕并非明智之举。
斯坦福大学机器人学研究员丹尼尔·加梅利表示，当今的人工智能比科幻作品中更容易出错或发生故障。他专门研究如何将AI系统集成到与环境互动的机器人中。
太空机器人搭载的AI系统需能在各种场景下完成多步骤任务，同时避免编造不准确的信息。加梅利强调：“在太空中，几乎不允许有任何差错。”
《机器人总动员》的主角瓦力是一台垃圾压实机器人，它放弃本职工作追随另一台机器人伊芙。它最突出的能力或许在于应对变化的灵活性——它曾用灭火器从自毁逃生舱中脱身；当轮子或眼睛出现故障时，它能自行更换受损部件。所有这些都是通过经验习得，无需额外编程。
这种全能性属于通用人工智能的范畴——能跨情境思考学习、执行未经专门编程的任务。但通用人工智能目前尚未实现。
加梅利指出，适应突发状况是未来太空机器人的重要目标。极端温度、辐射与太空垃圾令太空环境瞬息万变。“你让机器人应对的场景，本质上都是人类从未见过的情况。”
当前人工智能擅长单一或密切相关的工作，尤其适合重复性、可预知的任务。莱斯大学计算机科学家桑乔伊·保罗认为，AI最突出的能力“是高效处理海量数据”。他研究如何让人工智能辅助太空任务。
火星车便运用了这类无需人工干预的AI。例如“毅力号”通过AI算法扫描矿物，判断岩石样本是否值得采集。保罗说，人类处理海量数据容易不堪重负，“而人工智能能穿透细节……标出重点供人类审视。”
加梅利表示，几乎所有太空机器人依靠“自主堆栈”处理多步骤任务。不同功能的独立模块相互连接：一个AI模型通过摄像头或传感器探测岩石与障碍物，将信息传递给另一模块分析判断，后续模块则执行物理操作完成任务。
在“公理号”上，机器人包揽一切：清洁机器人擦洗抛光，维修机器人保养检修，悬浮椅运送乘客抵达目的地。乘客们久坐不动，终日观看视频、饮用营养奶昔。
保罗坦言：“现实中仍需要人类参与。”尽管AI持续进步，但它们始终存在不可预测性。“如果关乎性命，你真的敢押注人工智能吗？恐怕不会。”
加梅利表示，火星车这类机器终将能自主制定与总体任务一致的小目标。这种能力将使机器人更好应对突发状况，让人类得以专注更关键的任务与决策。“我们希望这些机器人尽可能独立，”他说，“也许不必像半途撂挑子的瓦力那么独立。”

英文来源：

AI is not ready to fly solo in space
In sci-fi, AI navigates the unknowns. It’s not actually intelligent enough to do that yet
In the movie WALL-E, some of the last Earthlings travel through the Kuiper Belt on the starship Axiom. For 700 years, a fully automated crew of robots has cared for them after our planet became uninhabitable. Running the ship is AUTO, an artificial intelligence system working to keep humans away — forever.
Here at home, space agencies such as NASA are using AIs to explore the solar system. They are piloting rovers on Mars, preventing satellite collisions and training astronauts for spaceflight. But for now, spacefaring humans would be ill-advised to rely so heavily on AI.
Today’s AIs are much more prone to mistakes and failure than what you see in fiction, says Daniele Gammelli, a roboticist at Stanford University who studies how to integrate AI systems into robots that interact with their environments.
AI systems in space robots would need to complete multistep tasks in all sorts of scenarios without making up inaccurate information. In space, Gammelli says, “you have virtually no room for error.”
The title robot in WALL-E is a trash-compacting machine that abandons his duties to follow another robot, EVE. His greatest strength is, arguably, his ability to handle change. The robot escapes a self-destructing pod using a fire extinguisher. When his wheel or eye malfunctions, WALL-E can replace the damaged part. All of this is learned from experience and done without additional programming.
Such versatility is an example of artificial general intelligence, AI that can think and learn across different situations and take on tasks that it hasn’t been programmed for. AGI doesn’t yet exist.
Adapting to unforeseen situations is a big goal for future spacefaring robots, Gammelli says. Between extreme temperatures, radiation and space debris, space is an ever-changing environment. “The kind of scenarios you are forcing on your robot are, by definition, things that nobody has ever seen,” he says.
Today’s AIs excel at single or closely related tasks, and with repetitive and predictable work. Their top skill “is processing a huge amount of data very efficiently,” says Sanjoy Paul, a computer scientist at Rice University in Houston who researches how AI can assist with space missions.
Martian rovers use this type of AI, all without human input. For instance, Perseverance employs AI algorithms to scan minerals and determine if rock samples are worth collecting. A human sorting through that kind of data could get overwhelmed, Paul says. “AI can cut through all the details … and highlight those things for humans to take a look at.”
To handle multistep tasks, nearly all space robots rely on “autonomy stacks,” Gammelli says. Separate modules responsible for different actions are linked. One AI model might detect rocks or obstacles using cameras or sensors. This info would be passed on to another module to interpret and determine appropriate actions. Other modules would then carry out physical maneuvers to get the job done.
Aboard Axiom, robots handle everything. Custodial robots scrub and polish. Utility bots do repairs and maintenance. Hover chairs cart the ship’s residents to their destinations. Axiom’s passengers live sedentary lives, watching videos and drinking food shakes.
In reality, “you still need humans in the loop,” Paul says. While AIs continue to improve, they remain unpredictable. “If your life depends on it, would you really bank on AI? Probably not,” he says.
Machines like rovers should eventually be able to make their own mini-goals that align with the overall mission, Gammelli says. That ability would allow bots to better handle unforeseen situations and free up humans to attend to more crucial tasks and decisions. “We want these robots to be as independent as possible,” he says. Though maybe not as independent as mission-quitting WALL-E.