栉水母不仅美丽,更是生物学奇迹。

内容来源:https://www.quantamagazine.org/ctenophores-arent-just-beautiful-theyre-biological-wonders-20260916/
内容总结:
大约7亿年前,一类看起来不过像发光的胶状小块的生物从其他动物中分化出来,可能形成了最早分支的动物谱系。如今,近200种栉水母(常被称为“梳状水母”,但与真正的水母并无亲缘关系)生活在从寒冷深海到温暖沿海表层的各种环境中。它们的奇妙之处不仅在于顽强的生命力和虹彩光泽,更在于它们的DNA。
过去十年间,栉水母帮助科学家回答了一系列关于基础生物学的长期疑问,从早期神经系统如何演化,到生物发光这一迷人现象的起源。
蒙特雷湾水族馆研究所研究栉水母的海洋生物学家史蒂文·哈多克表示,能够获得分布在如此多变环境中的近缘物种,“让你得以探究某些特征是如何演化的”,比如对高压环境的适应或光感应基因。
“这正是我们研究栉水母的原因之一,”挪威卑尔根大学研究神经元和神经系统起源与演化的进化生物学家帕维尔·伯克哈特说,“它们研究起来非常令人兴奋,同时也是极其美丽的生物。”
一个多世纪以来,科学家一直认为海绵(多孔动物)是最早分化出来的类群——即所有其他动物的姐妹群。但过去二十年间,越来越多的证据表明栉水母出现得更早。伯克哈特说,在经历了多年实验室之间关于哪个类群更早的“乒乓球式”争论后,2023年一篇分析染色体组织的里程碑式论文发现,栉水母而非海绵才是姐妹群,不过这一点尚未完全定论。
更令人惊讶的是,海绵没有肌肉和神经元,而栉水母有肌肉,并展现出简单神经系统的证据。“如果你考虑最早分支的动物谱系,你会预期它复杂度较低,”伯克哈特说,“这改变了关于最初动物可能是什么样子的许多假设。”
研究人员对栉水母了解得越多,它们就显得越复杂,我们也越能了解动物生命的起源。最近有观察发现,某些物种可以从成年阶段逆转发育回幼体阶段。另一些物种拥有特殊类型的脂质,帮助它们在深海极端压力下生存。它们为越来越复杂的体型演化提供了线索。
加州大学圣迭戈分校研究细胞膜的生物物理学家伊泰·布丁表示,研究那些看起来奇怪或怪异的生物非常重要,因为它们能告诉我们大量关于生命的物理、化学和生物学原理,这些原理随后可以应用于人类自身。“我们与栉水母的亲缘距离,就像栉水母与水母的亲缘距离一样遥远。”
中文翻译:
大约7亿年前,一群看起来不过是发着微光、呈凝胶状的团块的生物,从其他动物中分化出来,可能构成了最早的动物分支谱系。如今,近200种栉水母——俗称“梳状水母”(但与水母并无亲缘关系)——生活在从寒冷深海到温暖沿海表层水域的各种环境中。它们的魔力不仅在于顽强的生命力和虹彩光泽,更在于它们的DNA。
在过去十年中,栉水母帮助科学家回答了关于基础生物学的一些长期悬而未决的问题,从早期神经系统如何演化,到生物发光这一迷人现象的起源。
能够接触到生活在如此多变环境中的近缘物种,“让你得以探究某些特征是如何演化的”,比如对高压环境的适应或光感应基因,史蒂文·哈多克说。他是蒙特雷湾水族馆研究所的海洋生物学家,专门研究栉水母。
“这就是我们研究栉水母的原因之一,”卑尔根大学的进化生物学家帕维尔·伯克哈特说。他研究神经元和神经系统的起源与演化。“它们研究起来非常令人兴奋,同时也是极其美丽的生物。”
一个多世纪以来,科学家一直认为海绵(多孔动物)是最早分化出来的类群——是所有其他动物的姐妹群。但在过去二十年中,有证据表明栉水母出现得更早。2023年——在多个实验室围绕哪个类群更早分化展开了多年“乒乓球大战”之后,伯克哈特说——一篇分析染色体组织的里程碑式论文发现,栉水母而非海绵才是姐妹群,不过这一点尚未完全定论。
克里斯蒂娜·阿米蒂奇/《量子杂志》
更令人惊讶的是,海绵没有肌肉和神经元,而栉水母有肌肉,并展现出简单神经系统的证据。“如果你考虑最早分化的动物谱系,你会预期复杂度更低,”伯克哈特说。“这改变了关于最早动物可能长什么样的许多假设。”
研究人员对栉水母研究得越多,它们就显得越复杂,我们也就越能了解动物生命的起源。最近有研究发现,某些物种能够从成年阶段逆转发育回幼体阶段。另一些物种拥有特殊类型的脂质,帮助它们承受深海的极端压力。它们身上携带着关于越来越复杂的身体形态如何演化的线索。
研究那些看起来奇怪或怪异的生物非常重要,因为它们能告诉我们大量关于生命的物理、化学和生物学原理,这些原理随后可以应用于我们自身,伊泰·布丁说。他是加州大学圣地亚哥分校研究细胞膜的生物物理学家。“我们与栉水母的亲缘距离,就像栉水母与水母亲缘距离一样遥远。”
帕维尔·伯克哈特
丽莎-玛丽·巴夫
英文来源:
Around 700 million years ago, a group of organisms resembling little more than glowing, gelatinous blobs split off from the rest of the animals, forming possibly the earliest branching animal lineage. Nearly 200 species of ctenophores, commonly known as comb jellies (but unrelated to jellyfish), live today in environments ranging from the cold depths of the sea to warm coastal surface waters. Their magic isn’t just in their persistence or iridescence; it’s in their DNA.
Over the past decade, ctenophores have helped answer long-standing questions about fundamental biology, from how early nervous systems evolved to the origins of the mesmerizing phenomenon of bioluminescence.
Having access to closely related species across such variable environments “lets you ask questions about how certain things evolved,” such as adaptation to high pressure or light-sensing genes, said Steven Haddock, a marine biologist who studies ctenophores at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.
“That’s one of the reasons why we work with ctenophores,” said Pawel Burkhardt, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Bergen who studies the origins and evolution of neurons and nervous systems. “They’re very exciting to work with, and they’re also extremely beautiful organisms.”
For more than a century, scientists thought that sponges, or porifera, were the first to branch off — the sister group to all other animals. But over the past two decades, evidence has emerged that ctenophores were earlier. In 2023 — after years of a “ping-pong game” between labs debating which group came first, Burkhardt said — a landmark paper analyzing chromosome organization found that ctenophores, not sponges, are the sister group, though this is yet to be fully settled.
Kristina Armitage/Quanta Magazine
What makes this all the more surprising is that sponges lack muscles and neurons, while ctenophores have muscles and exhibit evidence of a simple nervous system. “If you think about the earliest branching animal lineage, you would expect less complexity,” Burkhardt said. “That changes a lot of the assumptions [about] how the very first animal may have looked.”
The more researchers investigate comb jellies, the more complex they appear and the more we learn about the origins of animal life. Some species have recently been observed reversing their development from adult to larval stages. Others have special types of lipids that help them withstand extreme pressure in the deep sea. They hold clues to the evolution of more and more complex body shapes.
It’s really important to study organisms that might seem strange or weird because they can tell us a lot about the physical, chemical, and biological principles of life, which can then be applied to ourselves, said Itay Budin, a biophysicist who studies cell membranes at the University of California, San Diego. “We are as distantly related to a ctenophore as a ctenophore is to a jellyfish.”
Pawel Burkhardt
Lisa-Marie Barf