从学校金块到昆虫粗粮:下一代仿制肉将如何赢得怀疑者的青睐

内容总结:
替代蛋白产业:从实验室到餐桌的机遇与挑战
四十多年前,全球首款商业素食汉堡在伦敦市场亮相,不过是些脱水原料包,加水混合后压成饼状。如今的人造蛋白产品已今非昔比——在啤酒厂式不锈钢罐中培育的细胞培养肉、仿制寿司、以及能“流血”的素汉堡,令人难以辨认。
该产业在2020年代初迅速升温,市场规模一度达到10亿美元,但近期热情有所消退。以Beyond Meat为例,其2019年上市后股价大幅下跌;去年仅有11%的美国家庭购买过仿制肉。然而,复购率依然强劲,全球需求持续增长,学术研究与创业研发也在推动该领域不断前进。
北卡罗来纳州立大学贝索斯可持续蛋白中心主任罗汉·希尔瓦伊克尔表示:“任何新兴技术在规模化、经济性和消费者接受度方面都会经历挑战。但我认为,发展方向是正确的。”
替代蛋白可分为三大类,部分产品中可混合使用:植物基蛋白,由大豆、豆类、豌豆、扁豆和小麦等原料制成;发酵蛋白,利用真菌、细菌、酵母和藻类等生物体,既可作为原料本身,也可作为微型工厂生产牛奶或鸡蛋中的蛋白质及特定脂肪;细胞培养肉,来源于动物细胞,在营养丰富的培养液中生长,再诱导形成脂肪或肌肉组织。
消费者购买替代蛋白的原因包括:对气候影响及畜牧业土地和水资源占用的环境担忧;对胆固醇和饱和脂肪的健康顾虑;以及对工厂化养殖的伦理反对。专家指出,随着全球人口增长,牛肉、鸡肉和鱼类将不足以满足蛋白质需求。
但替代蛋白的普及面临重大障碍:仿制肉通常价格更高;人们对制作技术存疑;消费者需要适应不同的风味和口感;还有人担心这些替代品属于“超加工”食品。
校园鸡块
初创公司Rebellyous Foods为美国600万学龄儿童生产仿制鸡块,其研发运营位于西雅图以南的办公园区。创始人兼首席执行官克里斯蒂·拉加利·布拉德伯恩表示:“我们希望人们对所吃的东西感到放心,因此我们的产品成分表相对简短。”其中包括大豆蛋白、酵母基调味料以及盐、油和水,还有一种名为甲基纤维素的粘合剂——面包和沙拉酱中也有这种成分。
尽管源自植物,Rebellyous的香辣鸡块具有类似肉类的口感,却没有软骨和不明碎块。拉加利·布拉德伯恩说,其风味常被比作金宝鸡汤。该品牌还推出了更辣的产品,面向医院和惩教机构的餐饮服务。
拉加利·布拉德伯恩的专长是设计制造设备,曾在波音公司从事飞机制造工具的研发,致力于更快、更好、更便宜地造飞机。作为一位出于伦理选择素食的人,她希望将这套技能用于替代肉类,并于2017年创立Rebellyous。她的目标是:打造一套自动化、连续运行的系统,生产价格亲民、味道可口的仿制鸡肉产品。
该公司开发了Mock 3系统,每小时可生产超过5000磅仿制鸡肉。该设备已安装在西雅图以北的一家工厂,但运营方最近突然关闭了该厂。因此,Rebellyous正与位于新墨西哥州的长期合作伙伴合作,后者使用传统制造系统。公司希望为Mock 3找到新家,同时开发更小、更便宜、更简单的Mock 4设备。
拉加利·布拉德伯恩说:“我们的目标是经营一家财务稳健的公司,持续为学校供货”,同时在应对气候变化、人类健康和动物福利方面发挥作用。
蟋蟀宠物粮
Rebellyous瞄准人类餐饮服务,而其他初创公司则聚焦四足消费者。大约十年前,安妮·卡尔森正考虑转行,当时女儿告诉她,出于对气候的担忧,自己不想要孩子。她说:“我意识到,在那之后我不能再做一份普通的工作了。为她建设更美好的未来就是一切。”
卡尔森是宠物行业资深人士,她注意到加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究显示,美国宠物占国内肉类消费环境影响的25%至30%。这促使她探索将昆虫作为宠物替代蛋白,从蟋蟀开始,后来加入黑水虻幼虫。2020年,她的公司Jiminy's成为全美首家获得FDA及动物食品标准监管协会批准销售蟋蟀基狗粮的企业。
卡尔森说,昆虫蛋白“用地更少、用水更少,几乎不产生温室气体”。一英亩土地用于养殖鸡肉蛋白可产265磅,而用于养殖蟋蟀蛋白可产60000磅。Jiminy's销售干粮、零食和洁牙咀嚼棒,提供必需氨基酸,对过敏和消化问题的犬只有益。产品通常比动物基食品贵,但比处方粮便宜。
这家位于旧金山湾区的初创公司仍需说服对昆虫感到不适的宠物主人——但卡尔森说,他们大可不必。“人们以为打开袋子会看到满满一袋虫子。绝对不是那样。”产品外观和气味与普通狗粮无异,“一点也不吓人”。
盈利之路
一个日益令人担忧的问题聚焦于超加工食品,以及替代蛋白是否属于这一类别。贝索斯中心主任希尔瓦伊克尔指出,虽然一些产品含高钠或高脂肪,但加工本身可以有益——去除有害成分、改善口感、保留营养。他说:“如果我们利用加工来获得合适的口感,让消费者喜欢又不牺牲营养,我认为这完全不是坏事。所以这其实是视角问题,要设法将加工与营养分开来看。”
Rebellyous和Jiminy's的负责人表示,他们明确披露成分并保持简单,以消除这些担忧。两人都说,最大的障碍是在供应链价格持续上涨的同时降低成本。尽管如此,两位首席执行官表示,公司已接近盈利。卡尔森说,Jiminy's在某些月份已实现盈利,增速超过宠物行业整体水平。拉加利·布拉德伯恩说,由于Rebellyous主要服务学校,一年中大部分时间盈利,但夏季业务放缓。
两位创始人对长期前景保持乐观。拉加利·布拉德伯恩说:“有时候身在其中,容易一叶障目。但事实是,总体而言,世界正变得更加可持续。”
中文翻译:
订阅《正向充电》:苹果播客、Spotify、亚马逊音乐、全部单集
40多年前,第一款商业化素食汉堡在伦敦市场首次亮相,当时只是脱水配料包,加水混合后压成饼状。相比之下,如今的替代蛋白已面目全非——有在不锈钢发酵罐中培育的细胞培养肉,有仿制寿司,还有会“流血”的假汉堡。
该行业在2020年代初经历了一波热潮,发展成为一个价值10亿美元的市场,但近来的热情已明显消退。以Beyond Meat为例,其股价自2019年上市后一路暴跌,去年仅有11%的美国家庭购买过仿制肉。
然而,复购率依然强劲,全球需求持续上升,学术研究和企业研发也在推动该领域不断前进。
“任何新兴技术在规模化、经济性和消费者接受度方面都会经历挑战,”北卡罗来纳州立大学贝索斯可持续蛋白中心主任罗汉·希尔瓦伊克表示。“我认为,发展方向是正确的。”
替代蛋白分为三大类,某些产品中可以将它们组合使用:
植物基:由大豆、豆类、豌豆、扁豆和小麦等原料制成。
发酵生产:利用真菌、细菌、酵母和藻类等生物体,或直接作为配料,或作为微型工厂生产牛奶和鸡蛋中的蛋白质或特定脂肪等化合物。
细胞培养肉:来源于动物细胞,在营养丰富的培养液中生长,再诱导形成脂肪或肌肉组织。
消费者购买替代蛋白的原因包括:对气候影响以及畜牧业占地和耗水的环境担忧;对胆固醇和饱和脂肪的健康顾虑;以及对工厂化养殖的道德反对。专家指出,随着全球人口增长,牛肉、鸡肉和鱼类的供应将不足以满足蛋白质需求。
但替代蛋白的推广面临重大障碍。仿制肉通常价格更高。人们对制造这些食品的技术心存疑虑。消费者需要适应不同的风味和口感,还担心替代品属于“超加工”食品。
为学校提供鸡块
Rebellyous Foods是一家初创公司,为美国600万学龄儿童生产仿制鸡块,其研发运营基地位于西雅图南部的一个办公园区。
“我们希望人们对自己吃的东西感到放心,所以我们的产品配料表相对简短,”Rebellyous创始人兼首席执行官克里斯蒂·拉加利·布拉德本说。配料包括大豆蛋白、酵母基调味料、盐、油和水,以及一种名为甲基纤维素的黏合剂——面包和沙拉酱等产品中也有这种成分。
尽管源自植物,Rebellyous的香辣鸡块具有类似肉类的口感,却没有软骨和不明碎块。拉加利·布拉德本说,其风味常被比作金宝鸡汤面。该品牌还推出了更辣的版本,面向医院和惩教机构的餐饮服务。
拉加利·布拉德本的专业背景是制造设备设计,曾在波音公司负责开发更快、更好、更便宜的飞机制造工具。作为一名出于道德选择素食的人,她希望将这套技能应用于替代肉类,并于2017年创立了Rebellyous。她的目标是:打造一套自动化、连续运行的系统,生产价格实惠、味道好的仿制鸡肉产品。
该公司开发了Mock 3系统,每小时可生产超过5000磅仿制鸡肉。该设备已安装在西雅图北部的一个工厂中,但运营方最近突然关闭了该厂。因此,Rebellyous正在与新墨西哥州的长期合作伙伴合作,后者使用的是传统制造系统。
公司希望为Mock 3找到新家,同时开发Mock 4——一种更小、更便宜、更简单的设备。
“我们的目标是经营一家财务稳健的公司,为学校持续供货,”拉加利·布拉德本说,同时在应对气候变化、人类健康和动物福利问题上发挥作用。
蟋蟀粮
Rebellyous瞄准的是人类餐饮服务,而其他初创公司则聚焦于四足消费者。大约十年前,安妮·卡尔森正计划转行,当时她的女儿告诉她,因为担心气候问题,她不想要孩子。
“我意识到,在那之后我不能再做一份普通的工作了,”她说。“为她建设一个更好的未来就是一切。”
卡尔森是宠物行业的资深人士,她注意到加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究显示,美国宠物占国内肉类消费环境影响的25%至30%。这促使她探索用昆虫作为宠物的替代蛋白,从蟋蟀开始,后来加入了黑水虻幼虫。
2020年,她的公司Jiminy’s成为全美第一家获得FDA及一家动物食品标准监管协会批准销售蟋蟀基狗粮的企业。
“占地更少、用水更少,几乎不产生温室气体,”卡尔森谈到昆虫蛋白时说。一英亩土地用于养殖鸡肉蛋白可产265磅,而用于养殖蟋蟀蛋白可产60000磅。
Jiminy’s销售干粮、零食和洁齿咀嚼棒,提供必需氨基酸,对患有过敏和消化问题的狗有改善效果。产品通常比动物基食品贵,但比处方粮便宜。
这家位于旧金山湾区的初创公司仍需说服对昆虫感到不适的宠物主人——但卡尔森说,他们大可不必。
“人们以为打开袋子会看到满满一袋虫子。绝对不是那样的,”她说。产品的外观和气味与普通狗粮无异,所以“一点都不吓人。”
盈利之路
一个日益受到关注的领域是超加工食品,以及替代蛋白是否属于这一类别。
贝索斯中心主任希尔瓦伊克指出,虽然某些产品含钠或脂肪较高,但加工本身可以是有益的——能去除有害成分、改善口感并保留营养。
“如果我们通过加工来获得合适的口感,让消费者喜欢,同时不牺牲营养,我认为这完全不是坏事,”他说。“所以这其实是一个看问题的角度,在某种程度上要把加工和营养分开来看。”
Rebellyous和Jiminy’s的负责人表示,他们明确披露配料并保持简单,以消除这些担忧。两人都表示,最大的障碍是在供应链价格持续上涨的同时降低成本。
尽管如此,两位首席执行官表示,这些初创公司已接近盈利。卡尔森说,Jiminy’s在某些月份已实现盈利,增速超过宠物行业整体水平。拉加利·布拉德本说,由于Rebellyous主要服务学校,一年中大部分时间都是盈利的,但夏季业务会放缓。
两位创始人对长期前景保持乐观。
“有时候身在其中,会很难看到全局,”拉加利·布拉德本说。“但事实是,总体而言,世界正变得更加可持续。”
来源与参考
采访:
- 罗汉·希尔瓦伊克,北卡罗来纳州立大学杰出教授、贝索斯可持续蛋白中心主任
- 克里斯蒂·拉加利·布拉德本,Rebellyous Foods创始人兼首席执行官
- 安妮·卡尔森,Jiminy’s创始人兼首席执行官
其他来源:
- 《素食汉堡的历史》,史密森尼杂志,2014年3月19日
- 植物基肉类与海鲜销售分析,好食品研究所,2025年数据
- 《替代蛋白推广指南》,北卡罗来纳州立大学贝索斯可持续蛋白中心
- 《食品生产的环境影响》,我们的数据世界
- 《这家植物基鸡肉初创公司以新的生产里程碑逆势而上》,GeekWire,2026年1月5日
- 《猫狗环境影响的真相》,加州大学洛杉矶分校,2017年8月2日
莉莎最爱的蛋白坚果球:
- 1杯传统燕麦片
- 1杯花生酱或其他坚果酱,或混合使用
- ⅓杯蜂蜜
- ⅓杯切碎的烤坚果(花生、杏仁、碧根果等)
- ⅓杯半甜或苦甜巧克力(巧克力豆或切碎)
- 2汤匙蛋白粉
- 1茶匙香草精
- ¼茶匙肉桂
- ½茶匙盐
- ⅓杯椰丝(可选)
- 2汤匙奇亚籽(可选)
- 将所有配料放入大碗中充分搅拌均匀。
- 捏成约2汤匙大小的球状,摆放在派盘或盘子上,冷藏。
英文来源:
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More than 40 years ago, the first commercial veggie burger made its debut in London markets as packets of dehydrated ingredients that were mixed with water and shaped into patties. Today’s alternative proteins are unrecognizable in comparison, featuring cell-cultivated meats grown in brewery-style stainless steel tanks, fake sushi and faux burgers that “bleed.”
The sector saw a surge in the early 2020s to become a $1 billion market, but enthusiasm has wilted of late. Beyond Meat, for example, has seen its stock plummet following its 2019 IPO, and only 11% of U.S. households purchased faux meat last year.
Yet repeat purchases remain strong, global demand is rising, and academic research as well as entrepreneurial R&D are advancing the field.
“Any new emerging technology always goes through challenges in scaling, economics, [and] consumer acceptance,” said Rohan Shirwaiker, director of the Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein at North Carolina State University. “The trajectory, I think, is in the right direction.”
Alternative proteins fall into three categories, and they can be combined in some products:
Plant-based: Made from ingredients including soy, beans, peas, lentils and wheat.
Fermentation-produced: Uses organisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeast and algae to act as ingredients themselves or as tiny factories producing compounds including proteins found in milk or eggs, or specific fats.
Cell-cultivated meats: Derived from animal cells and grown in nutrient-rich broth, then coaxed into fat or muscle tissue.
Consumers buy alternative proteins because of environmental concerns around climate impacts and the land and water footprint of livestock; health worries about cholesterol and saturated fats; and ethical objections to factory farming. And experts say that as the global population grows, there won’t be enough beef, chicken and fish to meet protein needs.
But there are significant hurdles to adoption. The faux meats are generally more expensive. People are unsure about the technologies used to make the foods. Consumers need to adapt to different flavors and textures and have worries that the alternatives are “ultra-processed” foods.
Nuggets for schools
Rebellyous Foods, a startup churning out faux chicken nuggets for 6 million U.S. school kids, runs its R&D operations out of an office park south of Seattle.
“We want people to feel good about what they eat, and so our products have a relatively short ingredient list,” said Christie Lagally Bradburn, founder and CEO of Rebellyous. That includes soy protein, yeast-based flavoring and salt, oil and water, and a binder called methyl cellulose found in products such as bread and salad dressing.
Despite being derived from plants, the Rebellyous kickin’ nuggets have a meat-like texture absent the gristle and mystery bits. The flavor, Lagally Bradburn said, is often compared to Campbell’s chicken noodle soup. The brand also has spicier options targeting food service at hospitals and correctional facilities.
Lagally Bradburn’s background is in designing manufacturing equipment, including roles at Boeing creating tools to build airplanes faster, better and cheaper. An ethical vegan, she wanted to apply that skill set to replacing meat, and in 2017 she launched Rebellyous to do it. Her goal: an automated, continuously operating system for producing affordable and tasty fake chicken products.
The company developed its Mock 3 system, capable of producing more than 5,000 pounds of faux chicken per hour. The device was installed in a facility north of Seattle, but the operators recently shuttered the site on short notice. So Rebellyous is working with its long-term partner in New Mexico which uses a conventional manufacturing system.
The hope is to find a new home for the Mock 3 while also developing its Mock 4, a smaller, cheaper, simpler device.
“Our goal is to run a financially sound company, to be there for the schools,” Lagally Bradburn said, as well as play a role in addressing climate change, human health and animal welfare issues.
Cricket kibble
While Rebellyous targets human food service, other startups are focused on four-legged consumers. About a decade ago, Anne Carlson was planning a career change when her daughter shared that she didn’t want children due to climate worries.
“I realized that I couldn’t just do a normal job after that,” she said. “Building a better future for her was everything.”
Carlson, a pet-industry veteran, noted UCLA research showing U.S. pets account for 25% to 30% of the environmental impact of domestic meat consumption. That led her to pursue insects as alternative proteins for pets, starting with crickets, then adding black soldier fly larvae.
In 2020, her company, called Jiminy’s, became the first in the country to be approved by the FDA and an association that regulates animal food standards to sell cricket-based dog foods.
“It’s less land, less water and almost no greenhouse gases,” Carlson said of the bug proteins. One acre of land used to raise 265 pounds of chicken protein will provide 60,000 pounds of cricket protein.
Jiminy’s sells kibble, treats and dental chews that provide essential amino acids and show benefits for dogs with allergies and digestion issues. The products typically cost more than animal-based foods, but are cheaper than prescription diets.
The San Francisco Bay Area startup still has to win over owners who are squeamish about insects — but they needn’t be, Carlson said.
“People think that when they open the bag, it’s going to be a bag full of bugs. It is absolutely not that,” she said. The product looks and smells like typical dog food, so “it’s not scary at all.”
Path to profitability
One area of growing concern centers on ultra-processed foods and whether alternative proteins fall under that category.
Shirwaiker, director of the Bezos Center, notes that while some products contain high sodium or fat, processing itself can be beneficial by removing harmful elements, improving texture and preserving nutrition.
“If we are using processing to get the right texture, something that consumers will like without sacrificing the nutrition, I don’t think that’s a bad thing at all,” he said. “So it’s really a matter of perspective and trying to separate process from nutrition in some way.”
Rebellyous and Jiminy’s leaders said they clearly disclose ingredients and keep them simple to put those fears to rest. The biggest hurdle, both said, was bringing down costs while supply-chain prices keep rising.
Even so, the startups are on the verge of profitability, their CEOs said. Carlson said Jiminy’s operates in the black some months and is growing faster than the pet industry overall. Because Rebellyous primarily serves schools, it’s profitable during much of the year, but business slows in the summer, Lagally Bradburn said.
Both founders remain optimistic about the long-term horizon.
“Sometimes when you’re in it, it can be hard to see the forest for the trees,” Lagally Bradburn said. “But the truth is that overall, the world is becoming more sustainable.”
Sources and references
Interviews:
- Rohan Shirwaiker, distinguished professor and director of the Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein at North Carolina State University
- Christie Lagally Bradburn, founder and CEO of Rebellyous Foods
- Anne Carlson, founder and CEO of Jiminy’s
Additional sources: - “The History of the Veggie Burger,” Smithsonian Magazine, March 19, 2014
- Analyzing plant-based meat & seafood sales, Good Food Institute, 2025 data
- “An Extension Guide to Alternative Proteins,” Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein at NC State
- “Environmental Impacts of Food Production,” Our World in Data
- “This plant-based chicken startup is bucking alt-protein trends with a new production milestone,” GeekWire, Jan. 5, 2026
- “The truth about cats’ and dogs’ environmental impact,” UCLA, Aug. 2, 2017
Lisa’s favorite protein nut balls: - 1 C old-fashioned oats
- 1 C peanut butter, other nut butter, or combo
- ⅓ C honey
- ⅓ C chopped, roasted nuts (peanuts, almonds, pecans, etc.)
- ⅓ C semi-sweet or bittersweet chocolate (chips or chopped)
- 2 Tbs protein powder
- 1 tsp vanilla extract
- ¼ tsp cinnamon
- ½ tsp salt
- ⅓ C shredded coconut (optional)
- 2 Tbs chia seeds (optional)
- Combine all ingredients in a large bowl and mix well.
- Form into balls measuring about 2 Tbs, arrange on a pie tin or plate, chill.
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