OpenAI将开始在欧盟为ChatGPT生成的文本添加水印

内容来源:https://techcrunch.com/2026/10/05/openai-will-start-watermarking-chatgpts-text-in-the-eu/
内容总结:
OpenAI于本周一宣布,将根据欧盟《人工智能法案》的透明度要求,在未来几周内为欧盟地区ChatGPT和Codex用户生成的文本添加不可见水印。该法案的透明度规则已于8月2日生效,要求AI企业以其他系统可识别的方式标记AI生成内容。
据OpenAI介绍,水印并非一个可见符号,而是通过微妙调整模型的用词选择,嵌入一种读者无法察觉但检测器可以识别的模式。由于水印存在于文字本身,即使文本被复制粘贴,水印仍会保留。OpenAI表示,水印不会识别用户身份,且开启水印后模型性能未出现明显变化。
OpenAI同时发布了一份名为textGrain的技术报告,与宾夕法尼亚大学和耶鲁大学的研究人员合著。报告以使用密钥对下一个词预测进行排序为例,说明将数百次此类微调叠加后,检测器仅凭文本和密钥即可识别AI生成内容。
不过,OpenAI的测试表明水印可被编辑去除。在一项测试中,将10%的词语替换为同义词后,检测率从约92%降至66%。公司还指出,短文本、数学答案和翻译文本更难被检测。因此,OpenAI初期仅向经过审核的研究人员和专业机构开放检测工具,以评估其可靠性和负责任的使用方式。
OpenAI同时提醒,缺少水印“并不能证明文本由人类撰写”,文本可能过短、经过大量编辑,或来自其他公司的AI。公司表示,水印可以表明OpenAI系统生成或处理了某段文字的一部分,但无法反映其中包含多少人类判断、编辑或创意。
值得注意的是,此次宣布距Anthropic承诺为Claude生成文本添加水印并在全球范围实施仅两个月。Anthropic的决定曾引发部分用户不满,他们认为自己提供了“指令、上下文和决策”,Claude只是“工具”。据《华尔街日报》2024年报道,OpenAI此前也曾开发过文本水印,但因担心用户转向不添加水印的竞争对手而暂缓发布。
目前,Anthropic、谷歌、Meta、微软和OpenAI等公司均已承诺遵守欧盟关于AI生成内容的实践准则。
中文翻译:
OpenAI周一在一篇博客文章中表示,将开始为欧盟地区ChatGPT和Codex生成的文本添加不可见水印,以遵守欧盟《人工智能法案》。
欧盟《人工智能法案》的透明度规则已于8月2日生效,要求AI公司以其他系统可识别的方式标记AI生成的内容。
OpenAI表示,水印将在未来几周内面向欧盟地区所有套餐的合规ChatGPT和Codex用户逐步推出,但仅限于欧盟。全球各地使用OpenAI API的开发者从今天起可以在部分模型上开启该功能;该功能默认关闭。OpenAI表示,在推出阶段不会将文本水印设为全球默认选项。
水印并非一个实际符号,而是通过微妙地影响模型的选词方式来实现,留下一种读者无法察觉但检测器可以识别的模式。由于水印存在于文字本身之中,当文本被复制粘贴时,水印也会随之保留。OpenAI表示,水印不会识别用户身份,并且开启后模型性能没有出现明显变化。
OpenAI还在发布公告的同时,公布了其方法的技术报告,名为textGrain。该报告与宾夕法尼亚大学和耶鲁大学的研究人员合著,通过一个示例展示了如何使用密钥对下一个词预测进行排序以完成句子。将数百次这样的微调叠加在一起,检测器仅凭文本和密钥就能识别出AI生成的内容。
水印能否通过编辑去除?OpenAI的测试表明可以。在一项测试中,将10%的词语替换为同义词后,检测率从约92%降至66%。该公司还表示,短段落、数学答案和翻译文本更难以检测。
“这些局限性促使我们决定仅向经过批准的研究人员和专家组织提供初步检测器访问权限,他们可以帮助我们评估可靠性和负责任的使用方式。”该公司表示。
OpenAI还警告称,缺少水印“并不能证明内容由人类撰写”。文本可能太短或经过大量编辑,也可能来自其他公司的AI。
“[水印]可以表明OpenAI系统生成或处理了某段文字的一部分,但无法说明其中包含了多少人类判断、编辑或创造力。”该公司表示。
这一公告发布两个月前,Anthropic表示将为Claude生成的文本添加水印,并在全球范围内实施。这一决定引发了一些Claude用户的反对,他们认为自己提供了“指令、上下文和决策”,而Claude只是“工具”。
据《华尔街日报》2024年报道,OpenAI此前曾开发过文本水印,但推迟了发布,部分原因是担心用户会转向不添加水印的竞争对手。
Anthropic、谷歌、Meta、微软和OpenAI等公司已承诺遵守欧盟关于AI生成内容的实践准则。
英文来源:
OpenAI will start adding an invisible watermark to text generated by ChatGPT and Codex in the European Union to comply with the EU AI Act, the company said Monday in a blog post.
The EU AI Act’s transparency rules, which took effect on August 2, require AI companies to mark AI-generated content in a way other systems can identify.
OpenAI said the watermark will roll out over the coming weeks to eligible ChatGPT and Codex users on all plans, but only in the EU. Developers using OpenAI’s API anywhere in the world can turn it on for select models starting today; it’s off by default. OpenAI said it is not making text watermarking a global default at launch.
The watermark is not an actual symbol, but works by subtly shaping the model’s word choices, leaving a pattern readers can’t see, but a detector can pick up. Because it lives in the words themselves, it travels with the text when it’s copied and pasted. OpenAI said the watermark doesn’t identify the user, and that it saw no meaningful change in its models’ performance with it switched on.
OpenAI also published a technical report for its method, called textGrain, alongside the announcement. Co-written with researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and Yale, it walks through an example of using a secret key to sort next-word predictions to finish the sentence. Add hundreds of these nudges together, and the detector can spot AI-generated content using only the text and the key.
Can the watermark be removed by editing? OpenAI’s tests suggest yes. In one test, replacing 10% of words with synonyms dropped detection from about 92% to 66%. The company also said short passages, math answers, and translated text are harder to detect.
“These limitations contribute to our decision to provide initial detector access only to approved researchers and expert organizations, who can help us evaluate reliability and responsible uses,” said the company.
OpenAI also cautioned that a missing watermark “does not prove human authorship.” The text could be too short or too heavily edited, or it could come from another company’s AI.
“[Watermarks] can indicate that an OpenAI system generated or processed part of a passage, but not how much human judgment, editing, or creativity went into it,” the company said.
The announcement comes two months after Anthropic said it would watermark text generated by Claude, a move it’s applying worldwide. That decision drew backlash from some Claude users, who argued they had supplied “the instructions, context, decisions” while Claude was just “the tool.”
OpenAI had built a text watermark before but held off on releasing it, partly over concerns that users would switch to rivals that didn’t watermark, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2024.
Anthropic, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and OpenAI are among the companies that have committed to following the EU’s code of practice on AI-generated content.
文章标题:OpenAI将开始在欧盟为ChatGPT生成的文本添加水印
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