AI先攻数学,如今又向其他科学领域进军

内容来源:https://www.wired.com/story/ai-is-coming-for-science-next-watch-out/
内容总结:
上周,我在麻省理工学院参加了一场由研究计算与人工智能进展的尼尔·汤普森主讲的演讲。在短短半小时内,汤普森提出了一个有说服力的论点:多个科学领域即将被人工智能颠覆。
正当数学界因人工智能自动化其领域而震动之际,汤普森的最新研究表明,得益于前沿模型能力的快速演进,概率论、统计理论、经济理论、高能理论、引力与宇宙学以及量子物理可能是接下来的目标。研究显示,从2024年年中到2026年年中,最优秀的AI模型在这些领域正确求解理论问题的比例从约2%跃升至约35%。而且没有迹象表明这一进展会放缓。
“在短短几年内,我们预计许多理论问题在AI的求解能力方面将发生彻底转变,”汤普森说。
总体而言,汤普森的实验室深入研究计算机科学的进步如何影响社会并影响创新。这项研究——由汤普森与博士生加布里埃尔·曼索及研究科学家克劳迪奥·迈林克·韦尔登共同完成——选取了2025年12月至2026年5月期间在线发表的研究论文中提出的问题,然后测试不同的OpenAI模型——o1、o3、GPT-5、GPT-5.1、GPT-5.4和GPT-5.5——能否解决这些问题。
至关重要的是,这些问题的解答出现在GPT-5.5及此前模型训练截止日期之后发表的论文中。这意味着他们测试的模型必须自行推导出解决方案,而不能依赖作为训练数据输入的答案。(这些论文作为测试模型求解能力的基准真值。)研究人员还屏蔽了互联网访问,以防止被测试的模型在线查找答案。
该研究覆盖的领域有限——三人专注于AI模型无需运行模拟或实验就能得出答案的领域。但这项工作表明,目前在数学领域感受到的冲击波,可能会波及科学探究中其他数学和理论密集的领域。
9月,OpenAI震惊了数学界,宣布一个未发布的模型解决了一个长期存在的数学重大挑战——纳维-斯托克斯方程,该方程涉及解释流体运动行为的方程式。此事后来更具争议性,因为纽约大学的一位数学家——一直在与Anthropic相关的一位学者合作——指控OpenAI在得知他们的进展后抢先发表。
此后,OpenAI和其他机构又宣布了数百个长期数学问题的解决方案,在该领域引发了某种危机。一些数学家呼吁限制AI的使用,警告说求解问题的过程往往与获得最终答案同样重要。
汤普森表示,与数学一样,我们应该预期其他领域的进展既有积极影响也有消极影响。他指出,理论突破有时会推动科学中的实际进步,并建议更广泛地使用AI可能意味着更多进步以这种方式发生。
一些知名AI研究人员已经创立了专注于AI科学应用的新实验室,各大AI实验室也都在加大科学研究力度。这些努力探索如何使AI能够在理论分析的同时进行真实实验。AI可能意味着理论家不再需要解决关键问题,但研究人员表示,这并不意味着不需要专家来理解解决方案并确保其合理可靠。
“我们仍然需要人来提出好的想法,把各个点连接起来,”曼索说。他补充说,对于非常复杂的问题,AI可能会犯错。(事实上,OpenAI在其最新数据集中撤回了多个解决方案。)“我们还需要验证所做工作的方法,因为模型很容易告诉你‘这是正确答案’,而当你审视整个解决方案时,你开始发现也许它并不是。”
本文是威尔·奈特“AI实验室”通讯的一期。在此阅读往期通讯。
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中文翻译:
上周,我在麻省理工学院参加了Neil Thompson的一场演讲,他研究计算和人工智能领域的进展。在短短半小时里,Thompson提出了一个有说服力的论点:若干科学领域即将被AI颠覆。
正当数学家们因AI正在自动化他们的领域而感到震动之际,Thompson的最新研究表明,得益于前沿模型能力的快速演进,概率论、统计理论、经济理论、高能理论、引力与宇宙学以及量子物理可能是接下来的领域。该研究显示,从2024年年中到2026年年中,最好的AI模型从能够正确求解这些领域中约2%的理论问题,提升到能够求解约35%的此类问题。而且没有迹象表明这一进展会放缓。
“在短短几年内,我们预计许多理论问题在AI求解能力方面将被彻底改变,”Thompson说。
从广义上讲,Thompson的实验室深入研究计算机科学的进步如何影响社会并影响创新。这项研究——由Thompson与博士生Gabriel Manso以及研究科学家Claudio Mayrink Verdun共同完成——选取了2025年12月至2026年5月间在线发表的研究论文中提出的问题,然后测试了不同的OpenAI模型——o1、o3、GPT-5、GPT-5.1、GPT-5.4和GPT-5.5——能否求解这些问题。
至关重要的是,这些问题的解答出现在GPT-5.5及此前模型训练截止日期之后发表的论文中。这意味着他们测试的模型必须自行推导出解答,而不能依赖作为训练数据输入的答案。(这些论文作为测试模型解题能力的基准真值。)研究人员还屏蔽了互联网访问,防止被测试的模型在网上查找解答。
该研究覆盖的领域有限——三人聚焦于AI模型无需运行模拟或实验就能推导出答案的领域。但这项工作表明,目前数学领域所感受到的那种冲击波,很可能扩散到其他数学和理论密集型的科学探究领域。
9月,OpenAI轰动了数学界,宣布一个未发布的模型解决了一个长期存在的数学重大挑战,即Navier-Stokes问题,该问题涉及解释流体运动行为的方程。此事随后变得更具争议,因为纽约大学的一位数学家——一直与Anthropic相关的一位学者合作——指责OpenAI在得知他们的进展后抢先发表。
此后,OpenAI和其他机构又宣布了数百个长期数学问题的解答,在该领域引发了某种危机。一些数学家呼吁限制AI的使用,警告说求解问题的过程往往与获得最终答案同样有用。
Thompson说,与数学一样,我们应该预期其他领域的进展既有正面影响也有负面影响。他指出,理论突破有时会推动科学中的实际进展,并表示更多使用AI可能意味着更多进展以这种方式发生。
一些知名AI研究人员已经创立了专注于科学AI的新实验室,大型AI实验室也都在加大科学研究力度。这些努力探索如何让AI有能力在理论分析的同时进行真实实验。AI可能意味着不再需要理论家来求解关键问题,但研究人员表示,这并不意味着不再需要专家来理解解答并确保其可靠。
“我们仍然需要人来产生好的想法,把各个点连接起来,”Manso说。他补充说,对于非常复杂的问题,AI可能会犯错。(事实上,OpenAI在其最新数据集发布后撤回了若干解答。)“我们还需要方法来验证所做的工作,因为模型很容易告诉你‘这是正确答案’,而当你审视整个解答时,你开始发现也许并非如此。”
本文是Will Knight的“AI Lab”新闻通讯的一期。在此阅读往期通讯。
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英文来源:
Last week, I attended a talk at MIT by Neil Thompson, who studies progress in computing and artificial intelligence. Over the course of just half an hour, Thompson made a convincing case that several scientific fields are about to be upended by AI.
As mathematicians reel from the way AI is automating their field, Thompson’s latest study suggests that probability, statistics theory, economic theory, high-energy theory, gravitation and cosmology, and quantum physics may be next, thanks to the rapidly evolving capabilities of frontier models. Between mid-2024 and mid-2026, the study shows, the best AI models went from being able to correctly solve about 2 percent of theoretical problems in these fields to about 35 percent of such problems. And there are no signs that this progress will slow down.
“Within just a few years, we expect a lot of theory questions to be totally transformed in terms of AI's ability to do them,” says Thompson.
Broadly, Thompson’s lab digs into how advances in computer science impact society and affect innovation. This study—which Thompson conducted alongside Gabriel Manso, a PhD student, and Claudio Mayrink Verdun, a research scientist—took problems stated in research papers posted online between December 2025 and May 2026, and then tested whether different OpenAI models—o1, o3, GPT-5, GPT-5.1, GPT-5.4, and GPT-5.5—could solve them.
Crucially, solutions to these problems were found in papers published after the training cutoff for GPT-5.5 and preceding models. This means that the models they tested had to work out solutions for themselves, rather than relying on answers fed in as training data. (Such papers served as ground truth for testing the models’ solving skills.) The researchers also blocked internet access, which prevented the models they tested from looking up solutions online.
The areas covered by the study were limited—the trio focused on fields in which AI models could figure things out without needing to run simulations or experiments. But the work suggests that the kinds of shock waves currently being felt in math are likely to ripple out to other math- and theory-heavy areas of scientific inquiry.
In September, OpenAI rocked the math world by announcing that an unreleased model had solved a long-standing, grand challenge in mathematics known as Navier-Stokes, which concerns equations that explain the behavior of fluid motion. The episode proved extra controversial after a mathematician at NYU—who had been working with another academic associated with Anthropic—accused OpenAI of gazumping them after learning of their progress.
OpenAI and others have since announced hundreds more solutions to longstanding math problems, triggering something of a crisis in the field. Some mathematicians have called for limits on the use of AI, warning that the process of solving problems is often as useful as having the final answer.
As with math, Thompson says, we should expect advances in other areas to have both positive and negative effects. He notes that theoretical advances sometimes drive practical advances in science and suggests that greater use of AI may mean that more progress happens this way.
Some prominent AI researchers have already founded new labs focused on AI for science, and the big AI labs are all ramping up scientific research. These efforts explore how AI could be empowered to conduct real experiments alongside theoretical analysis. AI may mean that theorists are no longer required to solve key problems, but the researchers say that doesn’t mean that experts won’t be needed to make sense of solutions and to make sure they’re sound.
“We are still going to need people to generate good ideas to connect the dots,” says Manso. He adds that for very complex problems, it’s possible that AI might make mistakes. (OpenAI, in fact, withdrew several solutions in its latest dataset post-publication.) “We also need ways to verify what was done, because it's very easy for a model to tell you ‘this is the right answer,’ and when you look at the entire solution, you start to see maybe it is not.”
This is an edition of Will Knight’s AI Lab newsletter. Read previous newsletters here.
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