PHP崩溃事件表明人工智能如何让漏洞更易被利用

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PHP崩溃事件表明人工智能如何让漏洞更易被利用

内容来源:https://www.wired.com/story/kernel-panic-the-php-meltdown-shows-how-ai-makes-bugs-more-exploitable/

内容总结:

近期,新公开的PHP漏洞引发安全团队和网站管理员紧急修补,黑客也迅速试图在真实环境中利用这些漏洞。据Cloudflare分析,漏洞公布后数小时内即出现数百万次利用尝试。这一情况并不令人意外,因为AI工具的广泛可获取性使攻击者更容易快速利用漏洞。

截至目前,大规模受害者被接管和数据泄露的“噩梦场景”尚未发生。PHP基金会表示,尚未发现这些被统称为“PHP2Shell”的漏洞遭到成功利用,许多公开流传的潜在利用代码似乎也并不有效。然而,本周混乱局面中AI最引人注目的作用,是先进模型帮助研究人员发现了这些漏洞的实际利用方式——这些问题至少部分已为人所知多年。换言之,AI帮助将历史遗留漏洞变成了当前的危机。

那么,我们是否即将被一波存在数十年的严重漏洞所冲击?

安全公司Calif的研究人员最早于8月初识别出PHP2Shell漏洞并编写利用代码,部分借助OpenAI“Patch the Planet”计划中的前沿AI工具,同时也依靠人类专家对PHP及其运行机制和弱点的知识。部分底层问题在2024年已被发现,但当时被认为过于复杂而难以利用。在Calif的发现之后,OpenAI和谷歌旗下安全公司Wiz的研究人员各自使用AI工具独立发现了PHP2Shell漏洞。

Wiz安全研究员Sagi Tzadik表示:“PHP团队多年来一直知道这个漏洞,但由于攻击者——至少是人类攻击者——无法利用它,因此一直没有处理。”

没有软件是完美的。即使是最关键的基础数字工具也难免存在缺陷,但AI模型能力的不断扩展使分析和潜在利用漏洞的速度更快。这给资源不足的IT团队、开发人员和管理员带来了更大压力。微软本月的安全更新 alone 就包含创纪录的1453个安全漏洞。与此同时,美国银行近期聘请了1000名顾问,修复Anthropic的Mythos发现的缺陷。不过,安全研究人员强调,AI最终并没有做任何新的事情,而是放大了漏洞发现和协调披露的既有动态。

Hunter Strategy研发副总裁、前美国国家安全局黑客Jake Williams表示:“我们肯定会看到更多这类长期存在的漏洞,它们存在于过去十年左右每个版本的软件中。但我认为这类低垂果实是有限的。没有多少其他东西具有PHP那样的特定覆盖面。这是一个相当广泛的攻击面——大多数其他工具在设计上并不暴露于互联网。”

研究人员还指出,即使使用前沿模型,大多数复杂的AI辅助黑客攻击案例也都涉及人类专业知识。正如最早发现PHP漏洞的Calif研究员Ryan Austin本周所写:“没有任何模型能够仅凭简单提示就挖掘出‘所有漏洞’。至少目前如此。”

简而言之,安全工程师兼研究员Niels Provos表示,大家至少可以稍微冷静一点。他说,对于AI发现大量新可利用的历史漏洞——或发现没有AI就无法实际利用的新漏洞——自己并不真的担心。“人们现在用AI寻找漏洞已经一年多了,而发现这个漏洞需要一个技术高超的团队。我想我们终会知道我是否完全错了,但我对此表示怀疑。”

中文翻译:

欢迎来到《内核恐慌》,这是莉莉·海·纽曼和马特·伯吉斯每周撰写的时事通讯,带你深入了解隐私与数字安全的新世界。如需每周在收件箱中收到本通讯,请在此订阅。

本周,当安全团队和网站管理员匆忙为新公开的PHP漏洞打补丁时,犯罪黑客迅速试图在真实环境中利用这些漏洞。根据Cloudflare的分析,漏洞公布后数小时内就出现了数百万次利用尝试——考虑到AI工具的广泛可及性使攻击者更容易快速利用漏洞,这并不令人意外。

到目前为止,大规模受害者被接管和数据泄露的噩梦场景尚未发生。PHP基金会表示,尚未发现任何成功利用这些漏洞(统称为PHP2Shell)的案例,许多公开流传的潜在利用程序似乎也无效。然而,本周这场混乱中AI最有趣的作用或许是,先进模型如何帮助研究人员发现了这些漏洞的实际利用方式——而这些漏洞至少部分已被知晓多年。换言之,AI帮助将历史遗留漏洞变成了当前的危机。

那么,我们是否即将被一波存在了几十年的严重漏洞所冲击?

安全公司Calif的研究人员最早在八月初发现了PHP2Shell漏洞并创建了利用程序——部分使用了前沿AI工具作为OpenAI“修补地球”计划的一部分,同时也运用了人类专家对PHP及其运行机制和弱点的知识。部分底层问题在2024年已被识别,但当时被认为过于复杂而无法利用。在Calif的发现之后,OpenAI和谷歌旗下安全公司Wiz的研究人员使用AI工具独立发现了PHP2Shell漏洞。

“PHP团队多年来一直知道这个漏洞,但由于攻击者——至少是人类攻击者——无法利用它,所以一直没有处理,”Wiz的安全研究员萨吉·察迪克说。

没有软件是完美的。即使是最关键的基础数字工具也不可避免地存在缺陷,但AI模型不断扩展的能力使得分析和潜在利用漏洞的速度更快。这给资源不足的IT团队、开发人员和管理员带来了更大的跟进压力。仅本月,微软的安全更新就包含了创纪录的1453个安全漏洞。与此同时,美国银行最近聘请了1000名顾问来修复Anthropic的Mythos发现的漏洞。不过,安全研究人员强调,AI最终并没有做任何新的事情,而是放大了漏洞发现和协调披露的现有态势。

“我们肯定会看到更多这类长期存在的漏洞,它们存在于过去十年或更长时间里每个版本的软件中,”Hunter Strategy研发副总裁、前美国国安局黑客杰克·威廉姆斯说。“但我认为这类容易摘到的果子是有限的。没有多少其他东西具有PHP那样的特定覆盖面。它是一个相当庞大的攻击面——大多数其他工具在设计上并不暴露于互联网。”

研究人员也指出,即使有了前沿模型,大多数复杂的AI辅助黑客攻击案例也都涉及人类专业知识。正如最早发现PHP漏洞的Calif研究员瑞安·奥斯汀本周所写:“没有任何模型仅凭简单的提示就能挖掘出‘所有漏洞’。至少目前如此。”

简而言之,安全工程师兼研究员尼尔斯·普罗沃斯说,大家都可以稍微冷静一下,至少冷静一点。“说实话,我并不太担心,”他说——无论是AI发现大量新可利用的历史漏洞,还是发现没有AI就无法实际利用的新漏洞。“人们用AI来寻找漏洞已经一年多了,而发现这个漏洞需要一个技术高超的团队。我想我们会看到我是否完全错了,但我对此表示怀疑。”

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英文来源:

Welcome to Kernel Panic, a weekly newsletter by Lily Hay Newman and Matt Burgess from inside the new world of privacy and digital security. To receive this newsletter in your inbox each week, sign up here.
As security teams and web admins scrambled this week to patch newly public PHP bugs, criminal hackers quickly attempted to exploit the flaws in the wild. Millions of exploitation attempts hit within hours of the vulnerabilities being published, according to analysis from Cloudflare—unsurprising given broad access to AI tools that can make it easier for attackers to quickly exploit flaws.
So far, the nightmare scenario of mass victim takeovers and breaches hasn’t come to pass. The PHP Foundation says it hasn’t seen any successful exploitation of the bugs, collectively dubbed PHP2Shell, and many publicly circulating potential exploits appear to be ineffective. However, perhaps the most interesting role of AI amid the chaos this week is how advanced models helped researchers uncover practical exploitations for the vulnerabilities, which were known about, at least in part, for years. In other words, AI helped turn historic vulnerability into a current crisis.
So are we all about to be walloped by a wave of critical vulnerabilities that have been kicking around for decades?
Researchers at security company Calif were the first to identify the PHP2Shell vulnerabilities and create exploits in early August—partially using frontier AI tools as part of OpenAI’s Patch the Planet program, but also using expert human knowledge of PHP, its dynamics, and its weaknesses. Some of the underlying issues were identified in 2024 but were deemed too complex to exploit at the time. Following Calif’s discovery, researchers at OpenAI and the Google-owned security firm Wiz independently discovered PHP2Shell flaws using AI tools.
“The vulnerability had been known to the PHP team for years, but because it could not be leveraged by an attacker—at least, not a human one—it was not addressed,” says Sagi Tzadik, a security researcher at Wiz.
No software is perfect. There are inevitably flaws in even the most critical, foundational digital tools, but the expanding capabilities of AI models have made it faster to analyze and potentially exploit vulnerabilities. This puts even more pressure on under-resourced IT teams, developers, and admins to keep up. Microsoft’s security updates included a record 1,453 security vulnerabilities this month alone. Meanwhile, Bank of America recently hired 1,000 consultants to fix flaws discovered by Anthropic’s Mythos. Security researchers emphasize, though, that AI is ultimately not doing anything new, but rather magnifying existing dynamics of vulnerability discovery and coordinated disclosure.
“We'll definitely see more of these long-life bugs that are in every version of the software for the last decade or whatever,” says Jake Williams, vice president of research and development at Hunter Strategy and a former NSA hacker. “But I think there’s only so much of this low-hanging fruit. There isn’t much else that has the specific reach of PHP. It’s a pretty wild attack surface—most other tools aren’t exposed to the internet by design.”
Researchers note, too, that even with frontier models, most examples of sophisticated AI-aided hacking also involve human expertise. As Ryan Austin, the Calif researcher who first discovered the PHP flaws, wrote this week, “No model is simply capable of unearthing ‘all bugs’ with simple prompts. At least for now.”
In short, security engineer and researcher Niels Provos says, everyone can dial back their freak-outs, at least a bit. “To be honest, I am not really worried,” he says, about AI finding an overwhelming number of historic bugs that are newly exploitable—or new vulnerabilities that couldn’t have been practically exploited without AI. “People have now been looking with AI for over a year, and it required a highly skilled team to find this one. I guess we will see whether I am completely wrong, but I doubt it.”
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